module 4 chapter 17 and 19

-is a mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic process whereby food is converted to material suitable for use in the body

_______ performs 3 functions:
1. it acts as a solvent
2. it initiates digestion
3. it lubricates food so that it can be swallowed

Saliva contains the enzyme _______, which reduce more complex carbohydrates to simpler forms.

- sometimes in saliva
-breaks maltose down into glucose

- is a thick, sticky fluid that tends to cling to the surface of the mucosa, serving to protect it from injury by coarse particles of food and, to a certain extent, from the action of the enzymes and hydrochloric acid

The enzymes ______ and ______ act on protein and fat to break these molecules into smaller,usable fractions.

-coagulates milk, producing a clumped mass, wool-like in appearance, called curd, and a clear fluid called whey

- is necessary to provide an acid environment for the action of pepsin and to kill or inhibit many of the microorganisms that find their way into the stomach via food or other ingested materials

-lesions that occur in the gastric system

-useful in decreasing the secretion of hydrochloric acid by the stomach

-inhibits the effect of histamine on the parietal cells that produce hydrochloric acid ; it greatly reduces acid output in the stomach
-used to treat peptic ulcer and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

- has antisecretory and mucosal protective properties
-particularly effective in counteracting the erosive effects of NSAIDs on the GI tract

- an antisecretory agent used to inhibit acid secretion of the parietal cells
-indicated for treatment of active duodenal ulcers for up to 8 weeks and may be used for maintenance therapy at a reduced dose

- is indicated for short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcers
-may be used in combination with other agents for the treatment Helicobacter infections

-anitsecretory agent is used to treat erosive gastritis, erosive esophagitis, and GERD

- primary use is to inhibit gastric acid secretion
- used to assist in the healing of peptic ulcers and associated conditions

- destroy the gastric acid, either wholly or in part, by neutralizing or absorbing it and rendering it inactive

- is a mild astringent and demulcent; these qualities are helpful for local action in protecting and soothing the ulcer
-main disadvantage is constipation and bowel obstruction in people prone to constipation

used frequently in powder form for its protective and antacid properties
-small doses, it is an antacid
-large doses, is a laxative

-is the home remedy used most often for gastric hyperacidity and heartburn
-disadvantages-acid rebound/ alkalosis

- this complex of sucrose and aluminum hydroxide aids the healing of ulcers with its topical, soothing effect
-it adheres to the ulcer itself, acting as a mechanical protectant against the action of acid and digestive enzymes

-are drugs that promote the process of digestion in the GI tract and constitute a type of replacement therapy in deficiency states

- insufficient production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
-may be treated with oral hydrochloric acid

-administered to those who are lactose intolerant to aid the the digestion of lactose

- this agent is a synthetic derivative of the female hormone progesterone
-enhances the appetite and is used in the treatment of cachexia from serious illnesses and anorexia

- therapeutic agent that blocks the enzymes that digest fat, preventing absorption
-can cause discomfort, vitamin deficiency, and diarrhea due to the unabsorbed fats

- produce vomiting to empty the stomach

-is administered orally to produce vomiting when indicated in the management of acute poisonings
-patients vomit within 30min

-agents that reduce nausea and vomiting

- inhibits vomiting and causes sedation
-relieve motion sickness and to control the nausea, vomiting and vertigo associated with other conditions such as electroconvulsive therapy, radiation sickness, and hypertension

-this centrally acting antiemetic is used to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy

- prevents nausea and vomiting of motion sickness, and it is used to treat the vertigo associated with labyrinthitis

-the antiemetic activity is believed to be mediated by the central nervous system
- effective in controlling nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and postoperative nausea and vomiting

-tranquilizing effect and very effective in controlling vomiting
-used postoperatively

-closely related to the antihistamines
-acts centrally on the vomiting center to decrease nausea and vomiting

-laxatives
-agents that relieve constipation

-are cathartics that evacuate the bowel by a mild action

- cause distention of the colon and stimulation of defecation
-24-48hr to take action

-soften the fecal mass without increasing the bulk
-miner oil

-create an osmotic gradient- pulling water into the colon, increasing the bulk of the fecal material, and stimulating defecation reflexes
-magnesia magma/ magnesia citrate/ electrolyte plus/ sodium phosphate

-irritate the lining of the colon, producing increased muscle contraction and evacuation
-castor oil / senna/ dulcolax

- detergents that allow more efficient mixing of water with fecal material without increasing bulk or irritating the tract
- docusate/ diocytil/ surfate/ colace/ correctol/ modane

-used to treat diarrhea

- have a soothing effect on the irritated membrane of the GI tract

-act by absorbing the irritating material on the surface of the GI tract and removing it

-acts on the smooth muscle of the GI tract in a manner similar to morphine, inhibiting GI motility

-slows GI motility by exerting a direct effect on the nerve endings of the intestinal wall
-prolongs the transit time of the intestinal contents and reduce the fecal volume, diminishing loss of fluid and electrolytes