HIV

Frage 1 von 24

1

HIV isn't a very ❌ virus and can't ❌ outside the body for any significant time. It can be passed on only in ❌, such as blood, vaginal secretions and semen, but ❌ saliva or urine. Infection can occur if you have ❌ with someone who is already infected, or if ❌ from such a person enters your bloodstream. For infection to occur, the body fluids have to be transferred ❌ into the body of the next host.

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tough

survive

body fluids

not

unprotected sex

blood

directly

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Frage 2 von 24

4

For the infection to occur, the body fluids have to be transferred directly into the body of the next host. This can occur in the following ways:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Sharing needles
Unprotected sex. The virus can enter the bloodstream of a partner through breaks in the skin or lesions caused by other infections - usually these infections are other STIs. The use of a condom can prevent this transmission. Infection can also occur via oral sex, though this is rare.
Direct blood-to-blood transfer can occur through cuts and grazes. Police, paramedics and medical staff are particularly at risk from this method of transmission and precautions are taken to minimise the risk.
Maternal transmission from mother to unborn child or in breast milk. The risk of the virus being passed to the baby occurs in the last few weeks of pregnancy, mostly around the birth itself, when mingling of infant and maternal blood is likely to happen. Taking anti-HIV drugs during the last 3 months of pregnancy and giving birth by Caesarean section greatly reduces this risk, from about 20% to 5%. This option is only realistically available in countries with advanced medical care.
Droplet infection - through mucus or saliva suspended in air that has come from the infected person sneezing, coughing or talking.

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Frage 3 von 24

3

Reasons for lower estimates for HIV/ AIDS cases?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

improved methodology for making estimates
better HIV surveillance for countries
changes in key epidemiological assumptions used to calculate the estimates
cleverer peeps

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Frage 4 von 24

1

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AIDS stands for . It's caused by infection with the aka HIV. A syndrome is a collection of symptoms related to the same cause, in this case the action of HIV, which gradually destroys parts of the system. The symptoms of AIDS are those of infections to which the patient becomes susceptible as their immune system is weakened.

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Frage 5 von 24

1

HIV is a structurally ❌ virus, an example of an ❌ virus. The virus consist of ❌ surrounded by a 20-sided (icosahedral) ❌ (coat) enclosed in a layer of ❌. The ❌ is formed from the ❌ as the new virus particles emerge from the cell cytoplasm. Sticking through the envelope are viral ❌ (gp) molecules.

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enveloped

complex

RNA

protein capsid

viral protein

lipid envelope

host cell membrane

glycoprotein

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Frage 6 von 24

1

Klicke auf jeden orangenen Punkt und wähle die korrekte Antwort.

Label the diagram:

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Frage 7 von 24

1

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( HIV, TB ) invades ( T helper cells, B cells ) within the immune system. Glycoprotein molecules, called ( gp120, CD4 ), which are located on the virus surface, bind to the ( CD4, gp120 ) receptors on the surface of the ( T helper cells, B cells ). The envelope surrounding the virus fuses with the ( T helper cell, B cell ) membrane, enabling the virus ( RNA, DNA ) to enter the cell. ( Macrophages, Neutrophils ) also have CD4 receptors, so the viruses can also infect them.

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Frage 8 von 24

1

Label the diagram:

Ziehe eine Antwort zum richtigen orangen Punkt.

gp120 molecules

CD4 receptor

cytoplasm

T helper cell

cell surface membrane

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Frage 9 von 24

1

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Once inside the host , the virus needs to make the host cell replicate new virus components. HIV genetic material is in the form of not DNA. Therefore the first step is to reverse normal transcription and manufacture DNA from the RNA template. To do this, the virus uses an enzyme called . Viruses that contain RNA and use reverse transcriptase in this way are called . Once the HIV DNA strand is produced, it is integrated into the host's DNA by another HIV enzyme, . Once the HIV genome is integrated into the host cell's genome, it can be transcribed and translated to produce new virus .

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Frage 10 von 24

1

The new HIV virus proteins produced, together with ❌ and nuclear material, are assembled into new viruses. The new viruses bud out of the T cell, taking some of the host cell ❌ with them as their ❌, and ❌ the cell as they leave. Infected T helper cells will also be destroyed by ❌.

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glycoproteins

surface membrane

envelope

killing

T killer cells

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Frage 11 von 24

1

As the number of viruses increases, the number of host T helper cells increases.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

WAHR
FALSCH

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Frage 12 von 24

1

What does a loss of T helper cells result in?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

macrophages, B cell and T killer cells aren't properly activated and don't function properly
a healthier immune system

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Frage 13 von 24

5

What factors does the course of HIV/ AIDS depend on?

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the health of the host before infection
their genetic resistance to infection
the quality of their immune response to initial infection
their lifestyle and nutrition
the availability of drug treatment
what clothes they enjoy wearing

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Frage 14 von 24

1

AIDS has no cure

Wähle eins der folgenden:

WAHR
FALSCH

Erklärung

Frage 15 von 24

3

The Acute Phase:

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HIV antibodies appear in the blood after 3-12 weeks
HIV antibodies appear in the blood after 40 weeks
The infected person may experience symptoms such as fever, sweats, headache, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes or they may have no symptoms
The infected person may experience symptoms such as dizziness, diarrhoea, tardive dyskenia or they may have no symptoms
There is rapid replication of the virus and loss the T helper cells
After a few weeks, infected T helper cells are recognised by T killer cells, which start to destroy them. This greatly reduces the rate of virus replication, but does not totally eliminate it.

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Frage 16 von 24

5

The Chronic Phase:

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Sometimes called the 'latent' phase
The virus continues to reproduce rapidly, but the numbers are kept in check by the immune system
There may be no symptoms during this phase, but there can be an increasing tendency to suffer colds or other infections, which are slow to go away
Dormant diseases like TB and shingles can reactivate
Can last for many years
Only lasts a few days

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Frage 17 von 24

1

In fit young people with a ❌ lifestyle, the chronic phase can last for ❌ years or more, especially if combined with ❌ treatment. Unfortunately, most HIV infection occurs in ❌ countries with little money available to provide drugs and amongst people who often don't have access to food or ❌ water. These people may develop AIDS within a ❌ years of infection.

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healthy

20

drug

developing

clean

few

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Frage 18 von 24

1

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Eventually, the increased number of viruses in circulation () and a declining number of T helper cells indicates the onset of AIDS, the phase. The decreased number of T helper cells leaves the immune system vulnerable to other diseases. These are known as , which can rapidly be fatal. They often include and TB. There can be significant . Patients can also develop - memory and intellect loss. Also susceptible to tumours, such as . This cancer is readily identified by purple/ black patches on the skin.

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Frage 19 von 24

1

A normal T helper cell count is over 500 per mm cubed of blood. At what T helper cell count is there a high risk of opportunistic infections?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

below 200 per mm cubed of blood
below 400 per mm cubed of blood

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Frage 20 von 24

1

There is ❌ treatment to get rid of HIV in someone who is infected with the virus because the virus is ❌ inside T helper cells. But there are drugs available that ❌ the production of more viruses. These are known as ❌ drugs.

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no

hidden

reduce

antiretroviral

Erklärung

Frage 21 von 24

1

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

prevent the viral RNA from making DNA for integration into the host's genome
inhibit the proteases that catalyse the cutting of larger proteins into small polypeptides for use in the construction of new viruses

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Frage 22 von 24

1

Protease inhibitors:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

prevent the viral RNA from making DNA for integration into the host's genome
inhibit the proteases that catalyse the cutting of larger proteins into small polypeptides for use in the construction of new viruses

Erklärung

Frage 23 von 24

2

Which other drugs have also been approved for use?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

integrase inhibitors
fusion inhibitor drugs
lactase inhibitors

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Frage 24 von 24

1

HIV can develop ❌ to anti-HIV drugs and therefore these drugs are often given in ❌. If the virus becomes resistant to one drug, it may still be susceptible to the other drugs being taken. Access to antiretrovirals is increasing across the world and with it comes a decline in the number of AIDS-related deaths.

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resistance

combination

	Erstellt von Ella Middlemiss vor mehr als 9 Jahre

24 questions

Frage 1 von 24

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Frage 2 von 24

For the infection to occur, the body fluids have to be transferred directly into the body of the next host. This can occur in the following ways:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 3 von 24

Reasons for lower estimates for HIV/ AIDS cases?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 4 von 24

Fülle die Lücken, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

Erklärung

Frage 5 von 24

Klicke und ziehe, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

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Frage 6 von 24

Klicke auf jeden orangenen Punkt und wähle die korrekte Antwort.

Label the diagram:

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Frage 7 von 24

Wähle von der Dropdown-Liste, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

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Frage 8 von 24

Label the diagram:

Ziehe eine Antwort zum richtigen orangen Punkt.

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Frage 9 von 24

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Frage 10 von 24

The new HIV virus proteins produced, together with ❌ and nuclear material, are assembled into new viruses. The new viruses bud out of the T cell, taking some of the host cell ❌ with them as their ❌, and ❌ the cell as they leave. Infected T helper cells will also be destroyed by ❌.

Klicke und ziehe, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

Erklärung

Frage 11 von 24

As the number of viruses increases, the number of host T helper cells increases.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 12 von 24

What does a loss of T helper cells result in?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 13 von 24

What factors does the course of HIV/ AIDS depend on?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 14 von 24

AIDS has no cure

Wähle eins der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 15 von 24

The Acute Phase:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

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Frage 16 von 24

The Chronic Phase:

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

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Frage 17 von 24

Klicke und ziehe, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

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Frage 18 von 24

Fülle die Lücken, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

Erklärung

Frage 19 von 24

A normal T helper cell count is over 500 per mm cubed of blood. At what T helper cell count is there a high risk of opportunistic infections?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 20 von 24

There is ❌ treatment to get rid of HIV in someone who is infected with the virus because the virus is ❌ inside T helper cells. But there are drugs available that ❌ the production of more viruses. These are known as ❌ drugs.

Klicke und ziehe, um den Text zu vervollständigen.

Erklärung

Frage 21 von 24

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors:

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 22 von 24