crystal grain size to tell you the rate of cooling
mineral composition and colour for silica content
igneous textures for origin

Silicic Igneous Rocks
High silica magma contains 66 to 75% silica and is mainly generated by melting of the Earth's crust at convergent plate margins. Rocks formed from high-silica magma tend to have a lot of quartz and other high-silica minerals such as plagioclase and potash feldspar and muscovite and biotite micas. The colour should be light. Silica rich magmas are very viscous, much stiffer than toothpaste, so little magma reaches the surface and granite is the most common silicic rock. These magmas solidify at relatively low temperatures, typically 600-900 degrees.

Then look at the crystal grain size:

Glassy, glassy with conchoidal fracture - obsidian
Glassy shards and fine crystals, vesicular texture - pumice
Fine crystals, flow banded - rhyolite
Coarse crystals, porphyritic or equigranular - granite or granodiorite

Intermediate Igneous Rocks
Intermediate magma contains 52 to 66% silica. The most common igneous rock formed from this type of magma is andesite, a fine grained volcanic rock. The coarse grained plutonic rock is diorite. They usually contain abundant plagioclase feldspar, together with hornblende, but little or no quartz. The magma is less viscous than a silicic magma, but still very sticky. It solidifies at a higher temperature than a silicic magma. Andesites are common at convergent plate margins.

fine, vesicular, amygdaloidal, porphyritic or equigranular - andesite
coarse, equigranular or porphyritic - diorite

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Undergraduate Geology - Part 2 (Igneous Processes and Products) Notiz am Identifying Silicic and Intermediate Igneous Rocks, erstellt von siobhan.quirk am 17/05/2013.