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Beschreibung
Quiz von Katie Oltman, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Katie Oltman
vor mehr als 6 Jahre
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Frage 1
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Learning about another culture is often greatest
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Once the anthropologist has been accepted as a member of the group
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Following a rupture of communication between anthropologist and informant
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ONce the anthropologist has learned to avoid culture shock
Frage 2
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Cultural Anthropological fieldwork is
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Not always done in a Non-western society
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A collaborative effort on the part of both anthropologist & Informant
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Responsible for the majority of anthropological knowledge
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All of the above
Frage 3
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Eric Luke Lassiter urges that ethnographers go beyond the dialectic of fieldwork to do what?
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Produce collaborative written ethnographic texts in which informants become "co-intellectuals" alongside the trained ethnographer
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Move in with their informants and become one of them
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Abandon ethnographic writing for activism
Frage 4
Frage
The ethnographic research method that relies primarily on face-to-face contact with people as they go about their daily lives is called
Antworten
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Interviewing
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Scientific Observation
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Participant Observation
Frage 5
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The production of objective knowledge about reality that is absolute and true for all times and places is a goal of -
Antworten
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Anthropology
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Positivism
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Fieldwork
Frage 6
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The people who become a cultural anthropoligst's key informants tend to be-
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People who are rather marginal in the society
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Outcasts
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The equivalent of college professors in their own society
Frage 7
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According to the test, anthropological knowledge is
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Subjective
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Intersubjective
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Objective
Frage 8
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The dialectic of fieldwork refers to the
Antworten
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Personal and financial connection between the anthropologists and the informants
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Mutual construction of cross-cultural knowledge about the informant's culture by anthropologist and informant together
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Gradual discovery of the truth about a society through the anthropologist's careful research
Frage 9
Frage
Which of the following is involved in deciding where an anthropologist will do his or her fieldwork?
Antworten
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Intellectual debates in anthropology
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Whether visas and research clearances are available in a specific country
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The interests of funding agencies
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All of the above
Frage 10
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The jolt that often accompanies an encounter with cultural practices that are unexpected and unfamiliar is called
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Participant-observation
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Dialogue
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Culture Shock
Frage 11
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An extended period of research during which an anthropologist gathers firsthand data about life in a particular society is called
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Fieldwork
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Graduate School
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Scientific Observation
Frage 12
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What are "rich points", according to Michael Agar
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Cases with many different meanings
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Moments when the anthropologist's informants finally figure out the questions being asked
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Unexpected moments when problems in cross-cultural understanding emerge
Frage 13
Frage
Which of the following is not an approach to ethnographic fieldwork?
Antworten
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The postivist approach
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The reflexive approach
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The multi-sited approach
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All of the above are approaches to ethnographic fieldwork
Frage 14
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Political conquest of one society by another, followed by cultural domination with enforced social change is a definition of-
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Capitalism
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Colonialism
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Feudalism
Frage 15
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The theory that proposed a series of stages through which all societies had passed or must pass to reach civilization is called
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Culture area theory
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Unilineal cultural evolutionism
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Diffusionism
Frage 16
Frage
Which of the following was an effect of the fur trade on the indigenous people of North America?
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They were able to ignore it for long periods of time
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It caused serious problems for those groups that were dedicated to it once the fur-bearing animals were gone
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It led to the development of cole ties between indigenous peoples and the major nations of Europe and Asia
Frage 17
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A small, egalitarian social grouping whose members neither farm nor herd, but depend on wild food resources is called a
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band
-
tribe
-
chiefdom
Frage 18
Frage
Which of the following statements about the fate of non-Western peoples in the wake of European exploration conquest, colonization, and decolonization is FALSE?
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European contact affect these societies in a radical way
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Fragments of precontact societies survive today
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An impressive variety of forms of human society remain, despite the Western onslaught
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Life in the non-Western world today remains timeless and unchanged
Frage 19
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Continued economic and political influence by former colonial powers following the political independanece of their former colonies is called
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Neocolonialism
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Capitalism
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Colonialism
Frage 20
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The key metaphor of capitalism is
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Those whose live by the sword die by the sword
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The world is a market and everything has its price
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Buy low, sell high
Frage 21
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A hierarchical, stratified society in which some groups permanently monopolize wealth, power, and prestige is called a
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State
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Band
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Tribe
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Chiefdom
Frage 22
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The study of the sound of language is called
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Phonology
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Morphology
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Syntax
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Semantics
Frage 23
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The study of language ideology discloses which of the following?
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Speakers' basic understandings of the world
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Power differences in the social world of the speakers
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Universal grammatical features of languages
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Both a and b
Frage 24
Frage
The design feature of language called "openness" refers to the
Antworten
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Possibility of speaking without fear of a censor
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Capacity of putting the speaker's true feelings into words
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Ability to create new linguistic messages freely and easily
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Connection between sound and brain
Frage 25
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Nonhuman primates cannot communicate vocally about absent or nonexistent objects or past or future events. Thus, their call systems lack the linguistic design feature of
Antworten
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Complete feedback
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Displacement
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Discreteness
Frage 26
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Human linguistic messages can be false, and they can be meaningless in the logician's sense. This highlights the linguistic design feature of
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Interchangeability
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Prevarication
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Duality of patterning
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Reflexiveness
Frage 27
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The mastery of adult grammar is called
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Specialization
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Discreteness
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Communicative competence
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Linguistic competence
Frage 28
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Human languages are patterned at different levels, and the patterns that characterize one level cannot be reduced to the pattern of any other level. Hockett recognized this phenomenon in which of his linguistic design features?
Antworten
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Duality of patterning
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Reflexiveness
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Specialization
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Displacement
Frage 29
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Which component of language is concerned with the way in which words are put together?
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Phonology
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Morphology
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Syntax
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Semantics
Frage 30
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The transfer of information from one person to another is
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Communication
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Language
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Speech
Frage 31
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Religious specialists skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which they carry out for the benefit of the group, are called
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Shamans
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Priests
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Oracles
Frage 32
Frage
In some religious systems, certain objects or people may not be touched or else the cosmic power in them may drain away. This feature is captured in the minimal category of religion called
Antworten
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Physiological exercise
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Mana
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Sacrifice
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Taboo
Frage 33
Frage
To many people, the American flag stands for the "American way." The flag is thus an example of a(n)
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Elaborating symbol
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Summarizing symbol
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Personal symbol
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Archetype
Frage 34
Frage
Syncretism involves
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Discarding the old ways and embracing the new
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Resisting the new ways and defending the old
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Combining the old and the new in an attempt to cope with change circumstances
Frage 35
Frage
The growth of Western science contributed to the rise of which of the following kinds of key metaphor?
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Societal
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Technological
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Religious
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Organic
Frage 36
Frage
How do the congregants at the evangelical Vineyard Christian Fellowship appear to explain misfortune?
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Victims have been attacked by witchcraft made by unknown enemies
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They do not offer any cause for misfortune, but instead seek solutions in their religious practices for it.
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Misfortune stems from social forces beyond their control
Frage 37
Frage
When one worldview is backed by the powerful in society and alternative worldviews are censored, many social scientists would start to call the dominant worldview
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A philosophy
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An Ideology
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Secularism
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A religion
Frage 38
Frage
Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of a particular society are called
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Metaphors
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Schemas
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Experiential gestalts
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Worldviews
Frage 39
Frage
Part-time religious practitioners who are believed to have the power to contact supernatural forces directly are called
Antworten
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Shamans
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Priests
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Oracles
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Witches
Frage 40
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The separation of religion and state following the European Englightenment is called
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Democracy
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Multiculturalism
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Orthopraxy
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Secularism
Frage 41
Frage
When the characteristics of human beings are attributed to nonhuman entities, this is an example of
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A technological metaphor
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An organic metaphor
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Personification
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Both b and c
Frage 42
Frage
The Azande use chicken for
Antworten
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Celebrations
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Detecting witches
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Enhancing the powers of witchcraft
Frage 43
Frage
Which of the following are analytic, providing people with categories for thinking about the order of the world?
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Elaborating symbols
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Summarizing symbols
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Personal symbols
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National symbols
Frage 44
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Symbols may be
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Words
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Images
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Actions
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All of the above
Frage 45
Frage
What is the conscious, deliberate attempt by some members of a society to create a more satisfying culture in a time of crisis by defending their own way of life?
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Syncretism
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Revitalization
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Communitas
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Liminality
Frage 46
Frage
For anthropologists, "religion" includes
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A belief in God
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The assertion of idiosyncratic individuals beliefs about "reality"
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Claims that there is a reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses
Frage 47
Frage
The kinship is created by birth is called
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Collaterality
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Bifurcation
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Affinity
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Consanguinity
Frage 48
Frage
A descent group formed by people who can specify their connections to one another through parent-child links to a common ancestor is a
Antworten
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Lineage
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Clan
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Tribe
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Moiety
Frage 49
Frage
For anthropologists, a nuclear family is made up of
Antworten
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A married couple
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A married couple and their children
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Extended family
Frage 50
Frage
Kinship terminologies suggest
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The boundaries of the significant groups in the society
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Where cleavages within groups are likely to occur
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The structure of rights and obligations assigned to different members of the society
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All of the above
Frage 51
Frage
In addition to establishing links between generations through descent, kinship serves to establish
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Legitimacy of children
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Residence rules
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Inheritance rules
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All of the above
Frage 52
Frage
According to Benedict Anderson, "imagined communities" are
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Groups whose members' knowledge of one another does not come from regular face-to-face interactions but is based on shared experiences with national institutions such as schools and government bureaucracies
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All communities larger than primordial villages of face-to-face contact
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Social groups that have existed since the beginning of time
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Both a and b
Frage 53
Frage
Families in which several generations live together in a single household are called
Antworten
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Nuclear families
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Extended families
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Joint families
Frage 54
Frage
The study of kinship became important in anthropology because
Antworten
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Kinship could be reduced to biology and thus could make cross-culutral comparison objective
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It showed how people could maintain social order without the institution of the state
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It enabled anthropologists to explain why some societies had remained primitive and others had advanced
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Kinship no longer existed in Western societies
Frage 55
Frage
Kinship relations based on nurturance are called
Antworten
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Marriage
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Adoption
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Descent
Frage 56
Frage
Kinship relationships based on birth are called
Antworten
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Descent
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Marriage
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Adoption
Frage 57
Frage
Which of the following observations about kinship is stressed by the authors of the text?
Antworten
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Different societies have chosen to highlight some features of the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance while downplaying or ignoring others
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Kinship is reducible to biology
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Kinship is a difficult and complex set of rules that societies follow
Frage 58
Frage
Kinship relationships derived from mating are called
Antworten
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Descent
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Marriage
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Adoption
Frage 59
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The kinship tie created by marriage is called
Antworten
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Collaterality
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Bifurcation
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Affinity
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Consanguinity
Frage 60
Frage
According to the text, culture consists of
Antworten
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those elements of the human experience that require education and good taste, such as art, music, and dance
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sets of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society
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set of innate instincts that enable humans to function in a complex world
Frage 61
Frage
A comparative study of many cultures is called
Antworten
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ethnography
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ethnohistory
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ethnology
Frage 62
Frage
To claim that members of a particular social group do not typically eat insects because they have learned to label insects as inedible is to use an explanation based on
Antworten
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genetic programming
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biology
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ethnocentriscm
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culture
Frage 63
Frage
A description of a particular culture is called an
Antworten
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ethnology
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ethnography
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ethnohistory
Frage 64
Frage
To be very poor and powerless in Haiti is to increase the likelihood that one will suffer
Antworten
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Disease
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Hunger
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Suffering
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Violence
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All of the above
Frage 65
Frage
Which of the following statements best describes culture-bound syndromes as described as described in the text?
Antworten
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They are essentially indistinguishable from endemic disease
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They are found only in small-scale societies
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All of the above
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None of the above
Frage 66
Frage
Charles Leslie employed the term "cosmopolitan medicine" to
Antworten
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Emphasize that the practice of medicine is something found primarily in urban areas
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Indicate that non-Western medical beliefs and practices are best understood as cultural systems
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Suggest that biomedical approaches were one of a number of possible alternatives available to many people in multicultural societies
Frage 67
Frage
When AIDS patients in Brazil organized politically to protest the cost of drugs that effectively deprived the poor of access to effective therapy for their condition
Antworten
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They exhibited a social identity based on shared medical diagnosis
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They demanded that the state acknowledge that health was a human right
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They asserted their biological legitimacy
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They made the government respond to their citizen's health needs
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All of the above
Frage 68
Frage
Severe suffering caused by forces and agents beyond individual control is called
Antworten
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Stress
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Trauma
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Torture
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Structural context
Frage 69
Frage
Use of the term "suffering" by many medical anthropologists to describe forms of distress experienced by individuals suggests
Antworten
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That they believe that biomedical understandings of health and disease should not be used
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That they believe that biomedical understandings of health and disease are not universal
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A person's coping strategies can be maladaptive
Frage 70
Frage
Although biomedicine has held that certain experiences can be taken as a sign of mental disturbance
Antworten
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The case of evangelical Christians suggests how "hearing voices" can be good for people
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Believing in the ability of nonmaterial objects to penetrate the body is a clear indicator of emerging psychosis
-
The experience of virtual reality gamers demonstrates that a divided self need not indicate a psychotic condition
-
Both a and c
Frage 71
Frage
Structural violence results from
Antworten
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Residual damage when buildings, bridges, or other similar structures collapse
-
The way that political and economic forces structure risk for suffering within a population
-
Military operations that are the result of civil war and interal unrest
Frage 72
Frage
Researchers who consider the connection between aspects of culture, socioeconoic conditions, politics, and human health in what subfield of anthroplogy?
Antworten
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Biological
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Archaeology
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Medical Anthropology
Frage 73
Frage
The primary lesson to be learned from the example provided in the text regarding lactose intolerance is that
Antworten
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South Asians become sick when they try to consume powdered milk
-
Adults who are able to absorb lactose from milk effectively appear to be genetically related to human populations with a history of dairying
-
Most human infants are able to absorb lactose
Frage 74
Frage
Based on the explanations provided in the textbook, one way we might distinguish between "disease" and "illness" is to say
Antworten
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That whereas disease is universal, illness applies only to particular cultural groups
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That disease refers to biological processes recognized and described within biomedicine, whereas illness is described as an individual's own interpretation of his or her suffering
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That disease refers to more serious forms of illness that needs to be treated by scientific medicine
Frage 75
Frage
Symbolically important goods transferred from the family of the groom to the family of the bride in exchange for the loss of the bride's labor and childbearing capacity are called
Antworten
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Bridewealth
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Bloodwealth
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Dowry
Frage 76
Frage
Gay and lesbian activists studied by Kath Weston in San Francisco in the 1980s based their theory of family ties on
Antworten
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Birth
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Descent
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Marriage
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Nurturance
Frage 77
Frage
In Zumbagua, Ecuador, a family is defined as
Antworten
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Mother, Father, and unmarried children
-
Mother and children
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Those who eat together
Frage 78
Frage
A transfer of wealth, usually from parents to their daughter, at the time of her marriage, is called
Antworten
-
Bridewealth
-
Bloodwealth
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Dowry
Frage 79
Frage
The distinction made between the mother's side of the family and the father's side of the family is called
Antworten
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Collaterality
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Bifurcation
-
Affinity
Frage 80
Frage
Every religious system in the world has a customary way of addressing the supernatural. This feature is captured by the minimal category of religion called
Antworten
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Prayer
-
Exhortation
-
Mana
Frage 81
Frage
Metaphors, or the symbols that represent them, can be used as instruments of power when
Antworten
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They are under the direct control of a person wishing to affect the behavior of others
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They are used for reference or in support of certain conduct
-
Some people are able to impose their metaphors on others
-
All of the above
Frage 82
Frage
According to the text, what keeps cultural anthropology from being one person's subjective impression of other people?
Antworten
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The fact that fieldwork is dialogue
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The fact that anthropology is a science
-
The fact that anthropologists are trained to avoid ethnocentrism
Frage 83
Frage
According to David Hess, cited in the test, what is a fact?
Antworten
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A piece of reality
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A taken-for-granted item of common knowledge
-
What is left when everything is explained
-
Whatever the anthropologist says it is, after careful research
Frage 84
Frage
"Rich Points," Michael Agar's expression discussed in the text, are
Antworten
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Cases with many different meanings
-
Places where the anthropologists must pay more for information because it is so sensitive
-
Unexpected moments when problems in cross-cultural understanding emerge
Frage 85
Frage
Field data are the product of long discussions between researcher and informant in which both try to figure out a world that they share. In a word, they are
Antworten
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Objective
-
Subjective
-
Intersubjective
Frage 86
Frage
Reflexivity is
Antworten
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An automatic response
-
The outcome of objective observation and dispassionate analysis
-
Thinking about thinking
Frage 87
Frage
Positivists accept that
Antworten
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Reality can be known through the five senses
-
It is necessary to sensitive to the way things ought to be and not just they way things are
-
Human beings are significantly different from other kinds of natural phenomena
Frage 88
Frage
Which of the following is NOT an approach to ethnographic fieldwork?
Antworten
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The positivist approach
-
The reflexive approach
-
The multi-sited approach
-
All of the above are approaches to ethnographic fieldwork
Frage 89
Frage
The work of many American anthropologists in the early part of the 20th century was called the "salvage ethnography" because
Antworten
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It was carried out among so-called "savage" peoples
-
Officials in state and national government were trying to eliminate the Bureau of Ethnology
-
It was widely believed that the people among whom the anthropologists worked were doomed to disappear
Frage 90
Frage
Western European contact with the rest of the world was
Antworten
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Neutral
-
Based on political and economic interests
-
Egalitarian
-
Intended to promote cross-cultural understanding
Frage 91
Frage
A holistic term that attempts to capture the centrality of material interest and the use of power to defend the interest is
Antworten
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Political economy
-
Sacred persuasion
-
Secular persuasion
Frage 92
Frage
Classifications of human societies help us to
Antworten
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Perceive the sharp boundaries that separate societies from one another
-
See some of the ways societies are similar and different, while obscuring others
-
Understand why some societies are more advanced than others
Frage 93
Frage
If people, practices, or artifacts could move across social boundaries in the ways that boas and his students showed then this suggested that
Antworten
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The boundaries around societies were not impermeable
-
The supposedly firm boundaries around biological "races" were vulnerable to critique
-
Any particular association of linguistic and cultural practices with a particular human population was an artifact in history
-
All of the above
Frage 94
Frage
Which of the following was NOT a stage in the unilineal cultural evolutionist's model?
Antworten
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Barbarism
-
Civilization
-
Savagery
-
Tribalism
Frage 95
Frage
The term culture area refers to a geographical region
Antworten
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In which a particular stage of cultural evolution has been reached
-
In which all societies can be classified as representatives of the same structural-functional type
-
Marking the limits of the diffusion of a particular cultural trait or set of traits
Frage 96
Frage
When Europeans first established commercial relationships in Africa
Antworten
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Within 10 years, they had conquered deeply into the continent
-
The Africans welcomed them as liberators from the cruel rulers of the coastal empires
-
They were not allowed to penetrate very far inland for more than 400 years
Frage 97
Frage
Political independence for colonies
Antworten
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Led to a return to traditional ways
-
Made little economic difference
-
Allowed the citizens of new states to take complete control of their own economic destinies
-
Both a & c
Frage 98
Frage
According to Marshall Sahlins, which of the following is a route to affluence?
Antworten
-
Colonial conquest
-
producing much
-
Desiring little
-
Both b & c
Frage 99
Frage
According to the test, the division between food collectors and food producers illustrates a distinction between different kinds of
Antworten
-
Survival strategies
-
nourishment strategies
-
subsistence strategies
Frage 100
Frage
To the question, "why do people x raise peanuts and sorghum" malinowski would reply
Antworten
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To meet their basic human need for food
-
Because peanuts and sorghum are the only food available in their ecozone that, when cultivated will meet their needs
-
Because both foods taken together provide complete proteins
Frage 101
Frage
Sometimes Western commodities are
Antworten
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rejected by vulnerable groups
-
used by local people for their own purposes, rather than for the purpose fr which they were originally designed
-
used to enrich culture
-
all of the above
Frage 102
Frage
The using up of material good necessary for human survival is called
Antworten
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Production
-
distribution
-
exchange
-
consumption
Frage 103
Frage
Play is
Antworten
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Consciously adapted
-
pleasurable
-
transformative
-
all of the above
Frage 104
Frage
Some scholars have proposed that play is connected with
Antworten
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Developing cognitive and motor skills involving the brain
-
exercise
-
learning
-
all of the above
Frage 105
Frage
Metacommunication refers to
Antworten
-
communication systems in advanced societies
-
communication about communication
-
ordinary communication studied out of context
Frage 106
Frage
Where humor critical of rulers is censored, such humor
Antworten
-
disappears
-
is directed into other channels
-
becomes a form of political resistence
Frage 107
Frage
Which of the following statements about sport is true?
Antworten
-
In the world of institutionalized sport, play is the work of the players
-
play is only one component of sport
-
even if a sport has become institutionalized, the spectators are still playing
-
all of the above
Frage 108
Frage
According to Christian Bromberger, French and Italian soccer fans are fascinated by the game because
Antworten
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The course of a match resembles the uncertain fate of people in the contemporary world
-
At the end they have a clear-cut demonstration of who the winners and losers are
-
Of the predictability of players' choise
Frage 109
Frage
Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation is a definition of
Antworten
-
Games
-
Art
-
sport
Frage 110
Frage
A Javanese artist makes a puppet of the great mythic hero Arjuna out of water buffalo hide for use in the shadow puppet plays call wajang. This is an example of what the text calls
Antworten
-
Transformation-representation
-
Aesthetic creation
-
formal evaluation
Frage 111
Frage
Artists in non-western societies
Antworten
-
are divorced from everyday life
-
produce work that is more interesting to western collectors than it is to the people in their own societies
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work with symbols that are of central importance to their societies
Frage 112
Frage
"Art by intention" inludes
Antworten
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objects that are made to be art
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objects that have been made for religious purposes
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objects that are found and exhibited
Frage 113
Frage
According to Shelly Errington as cited in the text, "art by appropriation" includes
Antworten
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objects that museums decided were art
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african masks
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ancestor figures from New Guinea
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All of the above
Frage 114
Frage
In today's global art market
Antworten
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People who make primitive or tribal art are no longer tribal
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most producers of ethnic arts sell their work to wealthy western collectors
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Producers of ethnic and tribal arts provides a new and successful economic strategy for tribal peoples
Frage 115
Frage
Which of the following statements reflects the way anthropologists understand myth?
Antworten
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Myths are flawed ttempts at science or history
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myths may justify past action, explain action in the present, or generate future action
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myths are tools for overcoming logical contradictions that cannot otherwise be overcome
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Both b & c are true
Frage 116
Frage
Stories whose truth seems self-evident because they integrate personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about the way the world works are called
Antworten
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folktales
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metaphors
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myths
Frage 117
Frage
Which of the following does not reflect the anthropological understanding ofritual?
Antworten
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Rituals are exclusively religious in nature
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Rituals are repetitive social practices composed of a sequence ofsymbolic activites
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ritual shapes action as well as thought
Frage 118
Frage
Which of the following is learned at a child's birthday party of the united states?
Antworten
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that exchanging material objects is important in defining significant social relations
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how to symbolize friendship and socialability
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how to share with others
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all of the above
Frage 119
Frage
What are the 3 stages of rites of passage?
Antworten
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separation, transition, reaggregation
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effacement, transition, delivery
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communitas, liminality, marginality
Frage 120
Frage
Liminal, from the Latin word limen, means
Antworten
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sprite
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containing
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transporting
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threshold
Frage 121
Frage
Play communicates about ______ while ritual communicates about _____.
Antworten
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body; mind
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what should be; what is
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what can be; what out to be
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