15310500
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Quiz von Kathleen Jackson, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Kathleen Jackson
vor mehr als 5 Jahre
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Frage 1
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The tendency to involuntarily pass urine, usually in small amounts, when abdominal pressure is raised during coughing, for example, is termed:
Antworten
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urge incontinence
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neurological incontinence
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stress incontinence
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overflow incontinence
Frage 2
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Which diuretics promote the greatest diuresis?
Antworten
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Thiazides.
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Potassium-sparing diuretics.
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Aldosterone inhibitors.
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Loop diurectics.
Frage 3
Frage
Turbid urine normally indicates:
Antworten
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kidney stones
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diabetes
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infection
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dehydration
Frage 4
Frage
Which is most likely to contribute to overflow incontinence?
Antworten
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kidney stones lodged in the renal calyxes
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glomerulonephritis
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prostate enlargement
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urethritis
Frage 5
Frage
Azotaemia describes increased concentrations of:
Antworten
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nitrogen waste compounds in blood
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urea in urine
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potassium and sodium levels in blood
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azotaemia is, in fact, an alternative term for uraemic frost
Frage 6
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From the following, choose the substance likely to appear in the urine when the glomerulus is inflamed.
Antworten
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Creatinine
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Urea
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Sodium
-
Albumin
Frage 7
Frage
When comparing normal kidney function with dialysis, which of the following mechanisms is not possible in dialysis?
Antworten
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Diffusion
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Active transport
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Ultrafiltration
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Osmosis
Frage 8
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Which of the following should be present in the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Antworten
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Erythrocytes
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Leukocytes
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Glucose molecules
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Plasma proteins
Frage 9
Frage
Common causes of urolithiasis include all of the following EXCEPT:
Antworten
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hypercalcemia.
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hyperlipidemia.
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inadequate fluid intake.
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hyperuricemia.
Frage 10
Frage
Which of the following increases glomerular filtration rate?
Antworten
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Constriction of the afferent arteriole
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Increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
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Dilation of the efferent arteriole
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Increased plasma osmotic pressure
Frage 11
Frage
Reducing fluid intake is non-pharmacological advice designed to decrease the incidence of urinary tract infections.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 12
Frage
Infection and inflammation of the bladder is termed:
Antworten
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cystitis
-
urethritis
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pyelonephritis
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any of the above, depending on the origin of the infection
Frage 13
Frage
The incidence of urinary tract infections is about the same in women and in men, but treatment is more frequently sought by women.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 14
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Requesting patients to produce a mid-stream urine sample is designed to ensure the sample is not diluted by urine that has accumulated at the base of the bladder and in the urethra.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 15
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Under normal circumstances urine in the bladder is sterile, but it may be contaminated with bacteria upon exiting the urethra.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 16
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What is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis?
Antworten
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Severe pH imbalance of urine
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Dialysis or other invasive procedure
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An ascending infection by E. coli
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Abnormal immune response, causing inflammation
Frage 17
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What is the first indicator in the arterial blood gases of acidosis caused by glomerulonephritis?
Antworten
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Increased carbonic acid
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Increased bicarbonate ion
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Decreased bicarbonate ion
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A pH less than 7.35
Frage 18
Frage
Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH?
Antworten
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7.0
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7.4
-
8
-
4.5 - 8
Frage 19
Frage
In a case of acute pyelonephritis, what is the cause of flank pain?
Antworten
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Increasing glomerular permeability, creating an increased volume of filtrate in the kidney
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Inflammation, causing ischemia in the tubules
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Inflammation, stretching the renal capsule
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Microbes irritating the tissues
Frage 20
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Pyelonephritis may be distinguished from cystitis by the presence in pyelonephritis of:
Antworten
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urinary casts and flank pain.
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painful micturition.
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microbes, leukocytes, and pus in the urine.
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urgency and frequency.
Frage 21
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An elderly male patient produced only 25 mL of urine in the past 24 hours. The urologist discovers that prostatic hypertrophy is the cause. Which one of the following best describes this patient's acute renal failure?
Antworten
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Postrenal oliguric
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Prerenal anuric
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Postrenal anuric
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Intrinsic nonoliguric
Frage 22
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Which one of the following electrolytes usually must be restricted in patients with acute renal failure?
Antworten
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Potassium
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Bicarbonate
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Calcium
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Chloride
Frage 23
Frage
Intrinsic acute kidney injury can be identified/caused by?
Antworten
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decreased creatinine
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a blockage of the renal artery
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glomerulonephritis
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haemorrhage
Frage 24
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What is the definition of acute kidney injury?
Antworten
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A drop in serum creatinine to less than or equal to 26 umol/L within 48 hours.
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An increase in urine output to greater than 0.5 mL/kg/hr for 6 consecutive hours.
-
A rise in serum creatinine to greater than or equal to 26 umol/L within 48 hours.
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An decrease in urine output to greater than 0.5 mL/kg/hr for 6 consecutive hours.
Frage 25
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Which of the following indicates the early stage of acute renal failure?
Antworten
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Very low GFR and increased serum urea
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Hypotension and increased urine output
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Development of decompensated acidosis
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Polyuria with urine of fixed and low specific gravity
Frage 26
Frage
What is/are a cause(s) of acute tubule necrosis and acute renal failure?
Antworten
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Sudden significant exposure to nephrotoxins
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Prolonged circulatory shock
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Crush injuries or burns
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All of the above
Frage 27
Frage
What is the primary reason for hypocalcemia developing during end-stage renal failure or uremia?
Antworten
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Insufficient calcium in the diet
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A deficit of activated vitamin D and hyperphosphatemia
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Excessive excretion of calcium ions in the urine
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Decreased parathyroid hormone secretion
Frage 28
Frage
Which of the following would likely cause chronic renal failure?
Antworten
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Circulatory shock
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Diabetes mellitus
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Cystitis with pyelonephritis in the right kidney
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Obstruction of a ureter by a renal calculus
Frage 29
Frage
What causes polyuria during the stage of renal insufficiency?
Antworten
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Loss of tubule function
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Increased GFR
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Increased blood pressure
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Decreased aldosterone secretion
Frage 30
Frage
Insensible water loss occurs from ________, and ________.
Antworten
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irregular incidents, such as vomiting as output can vary greatly
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faeces; accounts for approximately 15% of normal daily output
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kidneys; accounts for approximately 35% of normal daily output
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lungs and skin; accounts for approximately 30% of normal daily output
Frage 31
Frage
Fluid load in patients may be increased, inadvertently or purposely, by:
Antworten
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rectal solutions
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enteral feeding
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peritoneal dialysis
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all of the above
Frage 32
Frage
Which condition will induce cell shrinking?
Antworten
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when interstitial fluid is hypertonic
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when interstitial fluid is hypotonic
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when interstitial fluid is isotonic
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all of the above
Frage 33
Frage
An athlete who has lost a litre or more of fluid via sweating is best advised to replace this with a solution that contains both salts and water, and a total osmolarity of approximately:
Antworten
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5.8 mOsmols
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90 mOsmols
-
280 mOsmols
-
560 mOsmols
Frage 34
Frage
A clinical use of a hypertonic solution is:
Antworten
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To correct whole blood loss with mild hypvolaemia
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Dehydrated patients with severe hypernatremia
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Treat severe intracellular dehydration
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Treating cerebral oedema and intracranial hypertension
Frage 35
Frage
Which of the following is an example of an isotonic solution?
Antworten
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0.45% sodium chloride.
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4% glucose with 0.18% sodium chloride.
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10% glucose.
-
25% mannitol.
Frage 36
Frage
Which of the following is an example of an hypotonic solution?
Antworten
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0.9% sodium chloride
-
25% mannitol
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Water
-
Whole blood
Frage 37
Frage
A 70-year-old male with chronic renal failure presents with oedema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?
Antworten
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increased interstitial oncotic pressure
-
decreased capillary oncotic pressure
-
increased capillary oncotic pressure
-
decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Frage 38
Frage
A 10-year-old male is brought to the ED because he is incoherent and semiconscious. CT scan reveals he is suffering from cerebral oedema. This type of oedema is referred to as:
Antworten
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pitting oedema
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localised oedema
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generalised oedema
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pulmonary oedema
Frage 39
Frage
Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through:
Antworten
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faeces only
-
perspiration only
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urine and faeces
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perspiration and expiration
Frage 40
Frage
A 35-year-old male weighs 70 kg. Approximately how much of this weight is intracellular fluid?
Antworten
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5 L
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10 L
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28 L
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42 L
Frage 41
Frage
A 5-year-old male presents to the ED with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the doctor orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic IV solution. Which of the following would be expected?
Antworten
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his symptoms would subside quickly
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decreased extracellular fluid volume
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intracellular dehydration
-
increased intracellular fluid volume
Frage 42
Frage
Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatraemia?
Antworten
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Prolonged period of rapid, deep respirations
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Excessive sweating
-
Loss of the thirst mechanism
-
Excessive aldosterone secretion
Frage 43
Frage
Which of the following ions is most closely related to water movement?
Antworten
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Potassium
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Sodium
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Chloride
-
Calcium
Frage 44
Frage
Which of the following is the primary cation in the extracellular fluid?
Antworten
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Bicarbonate
-
Potassium
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Chloride
-
Sodium
Frage 45
Frage
Which compartment contains the greatest amount of body water
Antworten
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Intracellular
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Interstital
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Plasma
-
Transcellular
Frage 46
Frage
When a patient is being treated with thiazide diuretics, there is a danger of ________, an unwanted and potentially dangerous side effect.
Antworten
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hypocalcaemia
-
hypokalaemia
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hypophosphataemia
-
hyponatraemia
Frage 47
Frage
Hyperkalaemia causes:
Antworten
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a decrease in resting membrane potential with increased excitability of cardiac muscle.
-
a decrease in resting membrane potential with decreased excitability of cardiac muscle.
-
an increase in resting membrane potential with decreased excitability of cardiac muscle.
-
an increase in resting membrane potential with increased excitability of cardiac muscle.
Frage 48
Frage
Which of the following would most likely cause hypochloraemia?
Antworten
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hypokalaemia
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hypernataemia
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elevated bicarbonate
-
hypercalcaemia
Frage 49
Frage
A 42-year-old female presents to her GP complaining of muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalaemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition?
Antworten
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hypoglycaemia
-
respiratory acidosis
-
constipation
-
frusemide therapy
Frage 50
Frage
Secretion of aldosterone results in:
Antworten
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decreased plasma osmolality.
-
increased blood volume.
-
increased serum potassium levels.
-
localised oedema.
Frage 51
Frage
Metabolic acidosis may be associated with
Antworten
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Increased chloride levels
-
Decreased bicarbonate
-
Increased metabolic acids
-
All answers are correct
Frage 52
Frage
Chronic compensation for respiratory acidosis includes:
Antworten
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kidney excretion of HCO3-
-
kidney excretion of H+
-
protein buffering
-
prolonged exhalations to blow off CO2
Frage 53
Frage
Which of the following is a strong acid?
Antworten
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Phosphorus
-
Albumin
-
Sodium chloride
-
Lactate
Frage 54
Frage
Long-term regulation of acid-base balance through removal or retention of acids is accomplished by the:
Antworten
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lungs
-
kidneys
-
liver
-
protein buffer systems
Frage 55
Frage
Which of the following buffer pairs is considered the major plasma buffering system?
Antworten
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NH3/NH4
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NaCl/KPO4
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HCO3-/H2CO3
-
HPO4/H2PO4
Frage 56
Frage
Autoregulation in the kidneys refers to:
Antworten
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the control of systemic blood pressure by the kidneys.
-
control of blood flow by the SNS.
-
the secretion of renin and activation of angiotensin.
-
local minor reflex adjustments in the arterioles to maintain normal blood flow.
Frage 57
Frage
Place the following events in the correct sequence of events when ketoacids increase in the blood of a diabetic patient.
Not all options are used in the answers.
1. Serum pH decreases
2. Serum bicarbonate decreases
3. PCO2 decreases
4. Respiration decreases
5. Respiration increases
6. Serum pH increases
7. Serum bicarbonate increases
Antworten
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7, 6, 5, 3, 6
-
2, 6, 5, 3, 7
-
7, 6, 4, 3, 1
-
2, 1, 5, 3, 6
Frage 58
Frage
Which condition is likely to cause metabolic acidosis?
Antworten
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Slow, shallow respirations
-
Excessive fluid in the body
-
Prolonged diarrhoea
-
Mild vomiting
Frage 59
Frage
A 55-year-old female presents to her GP complaining of dizziness, confusion and tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO2 and slightly decreased HCO3-. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Antworten
-
respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation
-
respiratory acidosis with renal compensation
-
metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation
-
metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Frage 60
Frage
Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis?
Antworten
-
Bicarbonate level increases
-
Bicarbonate level decreases
-
pH is above normal range
-
pH is below normal range
Frage 61
Frage
Acute compensation for metabolic acidosis includes:
Antworten
-
CO2 retention.
-
kidney excretion of H+.
-
hyperventilation.
-
hypoventilation.
Frage 62
Frage
A 52-year-old male with diabetes presents to the ED with lethargy, confusion and depressed reflexes. His wife indicates that he does not follow the prescribed diet and takes his medication sporadically. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
Antworten
-
diabetes insipidus
-
decreased extracellular fluid osmolality
-
hyponatraemia
-
decreased urine formation
Frage 63
Frage
Uncontrolled essential hypertension may cause chronic renal failure because of:
Antworten
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damage to afferent arterioles and renal ischemia.
-
failure of tubules to respond to hormonal controls.
-
glomerular congestion causes damaged capillaries.
-
predisposition to recurrent urinary tract infections.
Frage 64
Frage
In chronic renal failure, which of the following is the most immediately dangerous?
Antworten
-
acidosis
-
phosphataemia
-
haematuria
-
anaemia
Frage 65
Frage
Which of the following causes acute renal failure?
Antworten
-
Nephrosclerosis
-
Bilateral acute glomerulonephritis
-
Polycystic kidney disease
-
Pyelonephritis in the right kidney
Frage 66
Frage
Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?
Antworten
-
Rapid, strong pulse
-
Low haematocrit
-
Increased urine output
-
Decreased tissue turgor
Frage 67
Frage
The normal pH of urine is:
Antworten
-
1.5-5.5.
-
4.5- 8.0.
-
7.35-7.45.
-
7.0-10.
Frage 68
Frage
Which of the following conditions would decrease oncotic pressure in the capillaries?
Antworten
-
low blood pressure
-
high-protein diet
-
liver failure
-
high blood-glucose
Frage 69
Frage
Chronic renal failure adversely affects which body system?
Antworten
-
the cardiovascular system
-
the respiratory system
-
the CNS
-
All answers are correct
Frage 70
Frage
Infants are at a higher risk for developing dehydration because they have:
Antworten
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a lower total body water volume.
-
a decreased intravascular volume.
-
a greater body surface area.
-
an increased tendency towards developing oedema.
Frage 71
Frage
Which of the following would result in hyperkalaemia?
Antworten
-
insulin
-
excess aldosterone
-
acute acidosis
-
alkalosis
Frage 72
Frage
Which of the following results from decreased blood flow into the kidneys?
Antworten
-
Systemic blood pressure drop
-
Dilation of the afferent arterioles
-
Increased angiotensin and systemic vasoconstriction
-
Decreased aldosterone secretion
Frage 73
Frage
Which of the following alterations would result in fluid movement into the interstitial space?
Antworten
-
increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure
-
decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
-
increased capillary oncotic pressure
-
decreased capillary oncotic pressure
Frage 74
Frage
Causes of respiratory acidosis include:
Antworten
-
hyperventilation.
-
an increase in noncarbonic acids.
-
pneumonia.
-
vomiting.
Frage 75
Frage
Crush injuries associated with a massive degree of cell rupture are likely to increase levels of extracellular:
Antworten
-
potassium
-
calcium
-
sodium
-
phosphate
Frage 76
Frage
Choose the basic cause of bone remodelling disorders associated with chronic renal failure.
Antworten
-
Excessive loss of phosphate ion
-
Deficit of parathyroid hormone
-
Failure of the kidney to activate vitamin D
-
Development of hypercalcemia
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