Anatomy

How many neurons? [blank_start]86,000,000,000[blank_end]

The brain is covered by the [blank_start]meninges[blank_end] and embedded in the [blank_start]cerebrospinal fluid[blank_end].

The two hemispheres are separated by the [blank_start]longitudinal fissure[blank_end].

Four lobes (from front to back): [blank_start]Frontal lobe[blank_end] [blank_start]Parietal lobe[blank_end] [blank_start]Occipital lobe[blank_end] [blank_start]Temporal lobe[blank_end]

Frontal and parietal lobe are separated by the [blank_start]central fissure[blank_end].

Voluntary motor control is located in the [blank_start]precentral[blank_end] gyrus. The somatosensory system is located in the [blank_start]postcentral[blank_end] gyrus.

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Motor cortex: Brodman [blank_start]4[blank_end] V1: Brodman [blank_start]17[blank_end]

The different Brodman Areas are distinguished by their [blank_start]histological structure[blank_end].

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These brain areas, when damaged, give rise to declarative memory disorders.

Episodic memory happens in the [blank_start]hippocampus[blank_end]. Semantic memory happens in the [blank_start]prefrontal cortex[blank_end].

The trisynaptic loop in the hippocampus: [blank_start]Enthorinal cortex[blank_end] ==> [blank_start]Dentate gyrus[blank_end] via the [blank_start]perforant path[blank_end] ==> [blank_start]Cornu ammonis 3[blank_end] via [blank_start]mossy fibers[blank_end] ==> [blank_start]Cornu ammonis 1[blank_end] via [blank_start]Schaffer collaterals[blank_end]

Three layers of the dentate gyrus: [blank_start]Granule cell layer[blank_end] [blank_start]Molecular layer[blank_end] [blank_start]Polymorphic layer[blank_end]

The substantia nigra produces the neurotransmitter [blank_start]dopamine[blank_end].

The [blank_start]olfactory[blank_end] system is the only sensory system without a thalamic nucleus.

The [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] controls the body's internal balance, the [blank_start]homeostasis[blank_end]. It is also the link between the [blank_start]endocrine[blank_end] and the nervous system.

The midbrain (Mesencephalon)

The [blank_start]pons[blank_end] is the relais station for cortical information to the cerebellum.

The [blank_start]cerebellum[blank_end] is crucial for balanced movement and for walking upright. It does not initiate movement. Its folds are not called gyri, but [blank_start]folia[blank_end].

The cerebellum receives input from

The ventricular system

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the [blank_start]brain[blank_end] and the [blank_start]spinal cord[blank_end].

Peripheral nervous system

The cerebrum controls all [blank_start]voluntary actions[blank_end].

Encephalization quotient (EQ) Rat: [blank_start]0.4[blank_end] Dolphins: [blank_start]4[blank_end] Humans: [blank_start]7 -8[blank_end] Elefant: [blank_start]1-2[blank_end] Dog: [blank_start]1.2[blank_end] Primates: [blank_start]2-3[blank_end]

White matter consists mostly of [blank_start]myelinated axons[blank_end]. Gray matter consists mostly of [blank_start]neuronal cell bodies[blank_end].

Projection neurons are mostly [blank_start]excitatory[blank_end] and use the neurotransmitter [blank_start]glutamate[blank_end]. Interneurons are mostly [blank_start]inhibitory[blank_end] and use the neurotransmitters [blank_start]GABA[blank_end] and [blank_start]glycine[blank_end].

Neurogenesis happens at only two places in the brain: (a) In the [blank_start]subventricular zone[blank_end] of the [blank_start]striatum[blank_end]. (b) In the [blank_start]dentate gyrus[blank_end] of the [blank_start]hippocampus[blank_end].

The basal ganglia are a group of [blank_start]subcortical nuclei[blank_end] in the middle of the [blank_start]forebrain[blank_end].

The basal ganglia are important for movement control. Possible diseases are:

The [blank_start]thalamus[blank_end] is also called the gate to consciousness. It regulates sleep and alertness.

The blood-brain barrier is permeable at the [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end].

The medulla oblongata controls [blank_start]vital functions[blank_end].

The central nervous system consists of the

Alphabetical order Tectum: [blank_start]Inferior colliculus[blank_end] - [blank_start]auditory[blank_end] reflexes [blank_start]Superior colliculus[blank_end] - [blank_start]optical[blank_end] reflexes Tegmentum: [blank_start]Formatio reticularis[blank_end] [blank_start]Substantia nigra[blank_end]

Three layers of the cerebellum (from top to bottom): [blank_start]Molecular[blank_end] layer [blank_start]Purkinje[blank_end] layer [blank_start]Granular[blank_end] layer