1995031
Frage 1
Frage
Which of the following are mechanisms for chemical drug degradation?
Antworten
-
hydrolysis
-
oxidation
-
isomerization
-
epimerization
-
photolysis
-
vaporization
-
polymorphism
-
adsorption
Frage 2
Frage
Which of the following are mechanisms of physical drug degradation?
Antworten
-
vaporization
-
polymorphism
-
adsorption
-
photolysis
-
epimerization
-
isomerization
-
oxidation
-
hydrolysis
Frage 3
Frage
What is the MOST common cause of drug decomposition?
Antworten
-
hydrolysis
-
oxidation
-
vaporization
-
polymorphism
-
adsorption
-
isomerization
-
epimerization
-
photolysis
Frage 4
Frage
What functional groups are involved hydrolysis reaction drug decomposition?
Antworten
-
Ester, Salts, Amides, lactone, lactam
-
Aldehydes, alcohols, phenols, sugars, alkaloids, unsaturated fats and oils
Frage 5
Frage
What factors affect hydrolysis?
Antworten
-
temperature
-
pH
-
water content
-
radiation
-
catalysts
-
synergists
-
UV
Frage 6
Frage
How would you minimize hydrolysis?
Antworten
-
(i) Protecting from heat, (ii) Refrigeration
-
Adjusting the pH and using buffers
-
Removing water or reducing water content
-
Using tightly closed containers
-
Using an insoluble form of the drug in water
-
Lyophilization of the product for subsequent reconstitution
-
Using a soluble form of the drug in water
-
Applying heat and keep at room temp.
-
Use open containers
-
Adding water to dry powder
Frage 7
Frage
What causes oxidation?
Antworten
-
oxidizing agents
-
reducing agents
-
hydrolyzing agents
Frage 8
Frage
Free radical may form from the presence of trace amounts of
Antworten
-
carbon
-
calcium
-
heavy metals (Pb)
-
peroxides
-
atmospheric oxygen
-
carbon dioxide
Frage 9
Frage
Which of the following is the initiation stage of free radical formation?
Antworten
-
R--R ---> R• + R•
-
R• + O2 ---> ROO• ROO• + R--R ---> ROOR + R•
-
R• + R• -----> R--R R• + ROO• ----> ROOR
Frage 10
Frage
Which of the following represent the propagation stage of free radical formation?
Antworten
-
R--R ---> R• + R•
-
R• + O2 ---> ROO• ROO• + R--R ---> ROOR + R•
-
R• + R• -----> R--R R• + ROO• ----> ROOR
Frage 11
Frage
What factors MOST affect oxidation?
Antworten
-
concentration of reducing species
-
concentration of oxidizing species
-
temperature
-
radiation
-
catalysts
-
pH
-
water content
Frage 12
Frage
Gamma-radiation is used to sterilize products.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 13
Frage
Solutions are less sensitive to radiation than solid dosage forms.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 14
Frage
Heavy metals (cupric, chromic, ferrous, ferric, etc.) are catalysts that affect hydrolysis.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 15
Frage
Epinephrine exhibits a minimum oxidative decomposition at pH = ?
Antworten
-
3.4
-
1.5
-
2.8
-
12
-
7
Frage 16
Frage
Epinephrine exhibits a minimum oxidative decomposition
at pH 3.4. At higher pH it degrades slower.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 17
Frage
In regard to factors affecting oxidation, antibiotic or vitamin preparations have a pH range of maximum stability.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 18
Frage
Which antioxidants would be used to improve stability of a drug in an aqueous system?
Antworten
-
sodium sulfite
-
sodium metabisulfite
-
sodium bisulfite
-
sodium thiosulfate
-
ascorbic acid
-
hydroquinone
-
propyl gallate
-
butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
-
butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
-
alpha‐tocopherol
Frage 19
Frage
Which antioxidants would be used to improve stability of a drug in an oil system?
Antworten
-
hydroquinone
-
propyl gallate
-
butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
-
butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
-
alpha‐tocopherol
-
sodium sulfite
-
sodium metabisulfite
-
sodium bisulfite
-
sodium thiosulfate
-
ascorbic acid
Frage 20
Frage
For products, extremely sensitive to atmospheric oxygen, the head-space in the pharmaceutical container can be filled with ____ or _____ instead of air.
Antworten
-
nitrogen
-
carbon dioxide
-
carbon monoxide
-
hydrogen
-
sulfur
-
water
-
catalysts
Frage 21
Frage
How would we minimize oxidation other than using antioxidants?
Antworten
-
inclusion of chelating agents
-
buffering agents
-
water with heavy metals
-
water without heavy metals
-
use metal containers
-
use glass containers
-
add oxidizing agents
Frage 22
Frage
Saturated drug molecules have tendency to interact with lights.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 23
Frage
Dextro & Levo optical isomers are pharmaceutically active separately.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 24
Frage
Generally dextro forms show more pharmacological effects, e.g., epinephrine, alpha‐methyldopa, propranolol, warfarin, ibuprofen, pilocarpine, ergotamine
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 25
Frage
Microbiological degradation by bacteria create
Antworten
-
alkaline media
-
acidic media
-
neutral media
Frage 26
Frage
Microbiological degradation by mold and yeast create
Antworten
-
acidic media
-
alkaline media
-
neutral media
Frage 27
Frage
Which dosage form is more vulnerable to microbial degradation?
Antworten
-
solution preparations
-
tablets
-
capsules
-
topicals
-
suppositories
Frage 28
Frage
To remedy microbiological degradation, preservatives can be added & when alcohol is the vehicle, of ____ alcohol itself
gives intrinsic bacteriostatic property.
Antworten
-
15‐18%
-
40-50%
-
1-5%
-
7-14%
-
19-23%
Frage 29
Frage
According to the law of mass action, the rate of a chemical reaction is
Antworten
-
proportional to the product of the molar concentration of the reactants each raised to a power “usually” equal to the number of molecules, a and b, of the substances A and B, respectively, undergoing reaction.
-
proportional to the reactants of the molar concentration of the products each raised to a power “usually” equal to the number of molecules, a and b, of the substances A and B, respectively, undergoing reaction.
-
disproportional to the product of the molar concentration of the reactants each raised to a power “usually” equal to the number of molecules, a and b, of the substances A and B, respectively, undergoing reaction.
-
inversely related to the product of the molar concentration of the reactants each raised to a power “usually” equal to the number of molecules, a and b, of the substances A and B, respectively, undergoing reaction.
Frage 30
Frage
Molecularity is important in reaction kinetics.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 31
Frage
One fundamental of kinetics is the reaction equation has to be balanced. Also, termolecular reactions are common.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 32
Frage
2 NO + Br2 =2NOBr
Antworten
-
unimolecular
-
bimolecular
-
termolecular
Frage 33
Frage
H2 + I2 = 2HI
Antworten
-
unimolecular
-
bimolecular
-
termolecular
Frage 34
Frage
Br_2 = 2 Br
Antworten
-
unimolecular
-
bimolecular
-
termolecular
Frage 35
Frage
The overall order of a reaction is the sum of the _______of the concentration items.
Antworten
-
exponents
-
rate constant
-
time
-
[reactants]
-
[products]
Frage 36
Frage
It is difficult to calculate reaction order just looking at the reaction equation.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 37
Frage
Knowing reaction order is not important for studying half-life & reaction kinetic studies.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 38
Frage
Higher the 'k' value means the slower the reaction.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 39
Frage
k does not depend on the concentrations of A & B but it will change if you change the reaction temperature.
Antworten
- True
- False
Frage 40
Frage
All of the following EXCEPT this one are chemical methods of drug degradation.
Antworten
-
hydrolysis
-
polymorphism
-
photolysis
-
auto-oxidation
-
racemization
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