Kopieren und bearbeiten

A& P Test #3 - 6.28

Beschreibung

Completed Chapters 20, 19, and 10 so far.
Rachel Nall
Quiz von Rachel Nall, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
Rachel Nall
Erstellt von Rachel Nall vor fast 8 Jahre
51
3
0

Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
[blank_start]Cardiac output[blank_end] is the quantity of blood pumped each minute into the aorta by the heart.
Antworten
  • Cardiac output
  • Venous return
  • Cardiac index
  • Peripheral resistance

Frage 2

Frage
[blank_start]Venous return[blank_end] is the quantity of blood flowing from the veins into the right atrium (RA) each minute.
Antworten
  • Venous return
  • Cardiac output
  • Cardiac index
  • Stroke volume

Frage 3

Frage
VR and CO must [blank_start]equal[blank_end] each other except for a few heartbeats at a time when blood is temporarily stored in or removed from the heart and lungs.
Antworten
  • be less than
  • be greater than
  • equal
  • add to

Frage 4

Frage
Which of the following factors does NOT affect cardiac output?
Antworten
  • Basal metabolic rate
  • Gender
  • Age
  • Body habitus
  • Increased energy requirements (exercise)

Frage 5

Frage
Cardiac Index = [blank_start]CO[blank_end] / [blank_start]m2[blank_end] m2 = [blank_start]Body Surface Area[blank_end]
Antworten
  • CO
  • Stroke volume
  • m2
  • Venous return
  • Body Surface Area

Frage 6

Frage
The average CO for a resting adult is [blank_start]5[blank_end] liters/minute The average CI for a resting adult is [blank_start]3[blank_end] liters/minute/m2
Antworten
  • 5
  • 3

Frage 7

Frage
At what age is a person's cardiac function the highest?
Antworten
  • 10
  • 20
  • 30
  • 40

Frage 8

Frage
Peripheral circulatory factors that affect the flow of blood from the veins into the heart provide the primary control of CO.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 9

Frage
Blood flow does not increase in proportion to each tissue's metabolism.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 10

Frage
If arterial BP is constant, long-term CO will typically have an [blank_start]inverse[blank_end] relationship to total peripheral resistance. This is a form of [blank_start]Ohm's[blank_end] law.
Antworten
  • inverse
  • proportional
  • Ohm's
  • Reynold's
  • Frank-Starling

Frage 11

Frage
The Frank-Starling law states that the [blank_start]stroke volume[blank_end] of the heart increases in response to an an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (end diastolic volume), when all other factors remain constant. Another way to state this: a large volume of blood flows into the ventricle, the blood will stretch the walls of the heart, causing a greater expansion during diastole, which in turn increases the force of the contraction and thus the quantity of blood that is pumped into the aorta during diastole. The increased volume of blood stretches the ventricular wall, causing cardiac muscle to contract more forcefully.
Antworten
  • cardiac output
  • cardiac index
  • stroke volume

Frage 12

Frage
According to the Frank-Starling curve, the normal heart can pump an amount of venous return up to what times the normal venous return before the heart becomes a limiting factor in the control of cardiac output?
Antworten
  • 2
  • 2.5
  • 3
  • 3.5

Frage 13

Frage
Sympathetic stimulation and parasympathetic inhibition can significantly increase heart rate and contractility. The result of this combination is known as what kind of heart?
Antworten
  • Effective
  • Hypoeffective
  • Hypereffective
  • Optimized

Frage 14

Frage
A number of factors can lead to a hypoeffective heart. Examples include increased arterial pressure (afterload), due to hypertension, valvular heart disease, and congenital heart disease. Select other causes of the hypoeffective heart.
Antworten
  • Sympathetic nervous system inhibition
  • Sympathetic nervous system excitation
  • Pathological dysrhythmias
  • Acute coronary syndrome

Frage 15

Frage
The nervous system is instrumental in maintaining arterial blood pressure when peripheral blood vessels are [blank_start]dilated[blank_end] and venous return and CO [blank_start]increase[blank_end].
Antworten
  • dilated
  • constricted
  • increase
  • decrease
  • stay the same

Frage 16

Frage
Fill in the blanks for the following: Intense exercise [blank_start]increases[blank_end] SNS outflow, causing large vein [blank_start]constriction[blank_end], and [blank_start]increase[blank_end] in heart rate and an [blank_start]increase[blank_end] in contractility.
Antworten
  • increases
  • decreases
  • constriction
  • dilation
  • increase
  • decrease
  • increase
  • decrease

Frage 17

Frage
Beriberi disease leads to a manifestation of insufficient dietary vitamin B1 (thiamine). The results of auto-regulatory compensation [blank_start]increases[blank_end] cardiac output.
Antworten
  • increases
  • decreases
  • maintains

Frage 18

Frage
Select the other pathologic states that increase cardiac output:
Antworten
  • Arteriovenous (AV) fistula
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Anemia

Frage 19

Frage
Conditions that produce low CO generally fall into one of two categories: 1. Abnormalities that [blank_start]reduce[blank_end] the pumping effectiveness of the heart. 2. Abnormalities that cause venous return to [blank_start]fall too low[blank_end].
Antworten
  • reduce
  • increase
  • fall too low
  • become too high

Frage 20

Frage
[blank_start]Hemorrhage[blank_end] is the most common non-cardiac peripheral factor that decreases venous return.
Antworten
  • Hemorrhage

Frage 21

Frage
Non-cardiac factors that decrease cardiac output due to decreased venous return include:
Antworten
  • Obstruction of the large veins
  • Decreased tissue mass
  • Arteriovenous Fistula
  • Hypothyroidism

Frage 22

Frage
The two primary factors that must be evaluated in the quantitative analysis of CO regulation are:
Antworten
  • The pumping ability of the heart (cardiac output)
  • The heart's end-diastolic volume (preload)
  • Venous return curves
  • The pressure on the wall of the left ventricle during ejection (afterload)

Frage 23

Frage
The normal external pressure on the heart is equal to the normal [blank_start]intrapleural[blank_end] pressure (which is -4 mmHg).
Antworten
  • intrapleural

Frage 24

Frage
A shift to the [blank_start]right[blank_end] reflects the increase RA pressure that will be required to fill the cardiac chambers to offset the [blank_start]increase[blank_end] in external pressure.
Antworten
  • right
  • left
  • increase
  • decrease

Frage 25

Frage
Select the following factors that can shift the CO curve:
Antworten
  • Cyclical changes in intrapleural pressure during respiration
  • Breathing against a negative pressure
  • Positive pressure breathing
  • Opening the thoracic cage
  • Cardiac tamponade

Frage 26

Frage
Principle factors that affect VR to the heart from the systemic circulation: ◦ 1. [blank_start]RA pressure[blank_end]  Exerts a backward force on the veins to impede flow of blood from the veins into the RA ◦ 2. The degree of filling of the [blank_start]systemiccirculation[blank_end]  Measured by the mean systemic filling pressure (Psf) which forces the systemic blood toward the heart.
Antworten
  • RA pressure
  • systemic circulation

Frage 27

Frage
[blank_start]Psf[blank_end] is the abbreviation for mean systemic filling pressure.
Antworten
  • Psf

Frage 28

Frage
The principle factor that affects Venous Return to the heart from the systemic circulation is resistance to blood flow between the peripheral vessels and the RA.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 29

Frage
The normal venous return curve demonstrates that if the pumping ability of the heart decreases, the RA pressure will [blank_start]rise[blank_end], and the backward force of this rising pressure on the systemic vasculature will [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] VR.
Antworten
  • rise
  • fall
  • stay the same
  • decrease
  • increase

Frage 30

Frage
Without compensatory ANS reflexes, VR decreases to zero when the RA pressure rises to what number in mmHg?
Antworten
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7

Frage 31

Frage
When both arterial and venous pressure flow in the systemic circulation [blank_start]ceases[blank_end].
Antworten
  • ceases
  • increases
  • decreases

Frage 32

Frage
Most of the resistance to venous return occurs where?
Antworten
  • Arterioles
  • Veins
  • Smaller arteries

Frage 33

Frage
Select what can compensate in resistance to venous return:
Antworten
  • `small artery
  • aorta
  • arterioles
  • venuoles

Frage 34

Frage
What is another word for preload?
Antworten
  • End-diastolic pressure
  • Venous return
  • Afterload

Frage 35

Frage
Regardless of the chamber, the [blank_start]preload[blank_end] is related to the chamber volume just prior to contraction.
Antworten
  • preload

Frage 36

Frage
Factors that increase preload include all except the following:
Antworten
  • Increased venous return
  • Decreased venous compliance
  • Decreased thoracic blood volume
  • Increased thoracic blood volume

Frage 37

Frage
What is the pressure within the thoracic space between the organs (lungs, heart, vena cava) and the chest wall?
Antworten
  • intrapleural pressure (Ppl)
  • Preload
  • Pulmonary filling pressure
  • intrarterial pressure

Frage 38

Frage
[blank_start]Skeletal muscle[blank_end] has to do with venous return because the one-way valves in the veins of the legs and arms are instrumental in directing blood flow away from the limbs and towards the heart. Veins within large skeletal muscle groups also undergo compression as muscles contract and decompress as the muscles relax.
Antworten
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle

Frage 39

Frage
The Oxygen Fick Method, indicator dilution method, echocardiography, and ventriculogram are all methods of measuring [blank_start]cardiac output[blank_end].
Antworten
  • cardiac output

Frage 40

Frage
The Oxygen Fick Principle states that: [blank_start]Cardiac Output[blank_end] (L/min) = 02 absorbed per minute by the lungs (mL/min) / arteriovenous 02 difference (mL/L of blood)
Antworten
  • Cardiac Output

Frage 41

Frage
Place in order the electrical pathways of the heart. [blank_start]3[blank_end] AV node [blank_start]1[blank_end] SA node [blank_start]2[blank_end] Internodal pathway [blank_start]4[blank_end] Left and right bundles of Purkinje fibers
Antworten
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4

Frage 42

Frage
Identify the pace of each area of the heart. SA Node: [blank_start]70 - 80 BPM[blank_end] AV Node: [blank_start]40 - 60 BPM[blank_end] Purkinje Fibers: [blank_start]15 - 40 BPM[blank_end]
Antworten
  • 70 - 80 BPM
  • 40 - 60 BPM
  • 15 - 40 BPM

Frage 43

Frage
Heart muscle _________________.
Antworten
  • is single-nucleated
  • lacks gap junctions
  • is syncytial
  • lacks striations

Frage 44

Frage
[blank_start]Sinus Node[blank_end] (where normal rhythmical impulse is generated) -> [blank_start]Internodal Pathways[blank_end] (conduct impulse from SA node to AV node) -> [blank_start]AV Node[blank_end] (delays impulse from atria to ventricles) -> [blank_start]AV Bundle[blank_end] (conducts impulse from atria to ventricles) -> Right & Left Bundle branches of Purkinje fibers (conduct impulse to ALL parts of the [blank_start]ventricles[blank_end])
Antworten
  • Internodal Pathways
  • Sinus Node
  • AV Node
  • AV Bundle
  • ventricles

Frage 45

Frage
There are almost no contractile fibers in the SA node.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 46

Frage
The SA node is located in the [blank_start]superior posterolateral wall[blank_end] of the right atrium, slightly below and lateral to the opening of the [blank_start]SVC[blank_end].
Antworten
  • superior posterolateral wall
  • SVC

Frage 47

Frage
Which of the following is NOT a type of cardiac muscle ion channel?
Antworten
  • Fast sodium channels
  • L-type calcium channels
  • Ligand-gated calcium channels
  • Potassium channels

Frage 48

Frage
The SA node has [blank_start]spontaneous[blank_end] depolarization.
Antworten
  • spontaneous

Frage 49

Frage
Select the membrane potential for the SA node.
Antworten
  • -40 to -50
  • -30 to -40
  • -60 to -70
  • -55 to -60

Frage 50

Frage
At what membrane threshold potential do slow Na-Ca channels to open up?
Antworten
  • -30 mV
  • -40 mV
  • -50 mV
  • -60 mV

Frage 51

Frage
Place what is happening in the SA node with its appropriate location.
Image:
8ff4bdf6-696c-4566-8ac6-a475a2ac6ad9 (image/png)
Antworten
  • Slow depolarization due to Na & Ca leak.
  • Na-Ca channels open.
  • K channels open during repolarization

Frage 52

Frage
Match the channels with the appropriate description: [blank_start]I na (Fast Na Channels)[blank_end] Rapid depolarizing phase of AP • Atrial and ventricular muscle & in Purkinje fibers • (inactive at -55) [blank_start]Slow Na Current:[blank_end] inherent leakiness of the SA node is responsible for self-excitation [blank_start]K+ Current Ik[blank_end] Responsible for repolarizing phase of AP in ALL cardiomyocytes [blank_start]Ca2+ current(ICa)[blank_end] •Depolarizing phase of AP • SA node and AV node • Also triggers contractions in all cardiomyocytes
Antworten
  • I na (Fast Na Channels)
  • Slow Na Current:
  • K+ Current Ik
  • Ca2+ current(ICa)

Frage 53

Frage
•[blank_start]Self-excitation[blank_end] to cause AP (leaky Na+ & Ca channels) -> Recovery from AP (K+ channels open) -> [blank_start]Hyperpolarization[blank_end] after AP is over (K+ channels remain open) -> Drift of the "Resting" Potential to [blank_start]Threshold[blank_end] (leaky Na+ & Ca channels) -> [blank_start]Re-excitation[blank_end] to elicit another cycle
Antworten
  • Self-excitation
  • Hyperpolarization
  • Threshold
  • Re-excitation

Frage 54

Frage
The [blank_start]inherent leakiness[blank_end] of the sinus nodal fibers to sodium and calcium ions causes their self-excitation.
Antworten
  • inherent leakiness

Frage 55

Frage
The SA node has no true resting potential.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 56

Frage
Label the contractile cell or autorhythmic cell.
Image:
9680027b-3ce7-48a6-964e-c0d24056dc4a (image/png)
Antworten
  • Autorhythmic cell
  • Contractile cell
  • Autorhythmic cell
  • Contractile cell

Frage 57

Frage
Assign the appropriate label to what is happening in the ventricular myocyte.
Image:
8350b52f-0759-4d9a-ae8a-6d3380aa6a45 (image/png)
Antworten
  • Na channels open
  • Na channels close
  • Ca channels open; fast K channels close
  • Ca channels close; slow K channels open
  • Resting potential

Frage 58

Frage
[blank_start]Bachman's Bundle:[blank_end] Anterior interartrial band carries impulses to left atrium.
Antworten
  • Bachman's Bundle:

Frage 59

Frage
The delay in the AV node is:
Antworten
  • 0.04 seconds
  • 0.09 seconds
  • 0.10 seconds
  • .20 seconds

Frage 60

Frage
The delay in the AV bundle is:
Antworten
  • .04
  • 0.09
  • 0.10
  • 0.14

Frage 61

Frage
The total delay in AV node/AV bundle system is [blank_start]0.13[blank_end] seconds.
Antworten
  • 0.13

Frage 62

Frage
The [blank_start]AV node[blank_end] is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium immediately behind the tricuspid valve
Antworten
  • AV node

Frage 63

Frage
The Bundle branches and then divide into extensive system of [blank_start]Purkinje fibers[blank_end]
Antworten
  • Purkinje fibers

Frage 64

Frage
Transmission time between A-V bundles and fibers is:
Antworten
  • 0.04 seconds
  • 0.10 seconds
  • 0.90 seconds
  • 0.06 seconds

Frage 65

Frage
The Purkinje fibers transmit impulses [blank_start]faster[blank_end] than other fibers.
Antworten
  • faster
  • slower

Frage 66

Frage
The Purkinje fibers are [blank_start]larger[blank_end] than ventricular muscle fibers.
Antworten
  • larger
  • smaller

Frage 67

Frage
The Purkinje fibers have [blank_start]high[blank_end] levels of permeability of the gap junctions between successive cells in the conducting pathways.
Antworten
  • high
  • low

Frage 68

Frage
The [blank_start]SA Node[blank_end] is the pacemaker
Antworten
  • SA Node

Frage 69

Frage
SA node discharges both the AV node & Purkinje fibers [blank_start]before[blank_end] either of these can undergo self-excitation.
Antworten
  • after
  • during
  • before

Frage 70

Frage
Select the resting membrane potential of the ventricular muscle cell.
Antworten
  • -55 to -60
  • -85 to -90
  • -100 to -110
  • 40 to 60

Frage 71

Frage
What doesn't happen when the AV node is blocked?
Antworten
  • Impulse can’t get past atria to ventricles
  • Atria continue beating at normal SA node rate and rhythm
  • New pacemaker in Purkinje system takes over driving ventricular contraction 15 to 40 bpm
  • New pacemaker is Bachman Bundle, which takes over driving the ventricular contraction.

Frage 72

Frage
Sudden AV block: Delay in pickup of the heart beat is the “[blank_start]Stokes-Adams[blank_end]” syndrome
Antworten
  • Stokes-Adams

Frage 73

Frage
[blank_start]Parasympathetic[blank_end] (vagal) activation decreases conduction velocity (negative [blank_start]dromotropy[blank_end]) at the AV node • Decreases slope of Phase [blank_start]4[blank_end] • leads to [blank_start]slower[blank_end] depolarization of adjacent cells, and reduced velocity of conduction
Antworten
  • Parasympathetic
  • Sympathetic
  • dromotropy
  • inotropy
  • 0
  • 3
  • 4
  • slower
  • faster

Frage 74

Frage
Parasympathetic fibers in the heart are [blank_start]muscarinic[blank_end].
Antworten
  • nicotinic
  • muscarinic

Frage 75

Frage
Acetylcholine released by [blank_start]vagus[blank_end] nerve • Binds to cardiac [blank_start]muscarini[blank_end]c receptors • [blank_start]Decreases[blank_end] intracellular cAMP
Antworten
  • vagus
  • muscarinic
  • Decreases

Frage 76

Frage
[blank_start]Vagal[blank_end] stimulation releases acetylcholine. This goes to muscarinic receptors that decrease cAMP. This causes increased K permeability, which decreases transmission of impulses. Ventricular escape occurs.
Antworten
  • Vagal
  • Adrenergic
  • Sympathetic

Frage 77

Frage
[blank_start]Digitalis[blank_end] increases the vagal activity to the heart.
Antworten
  • Digitalis

Frage 78

Frage
Sympathetic nerves release [blank_start]norepinephrine[blank_end].
Antworten
  • norepinephrine
  • aCH
  • cAMP

Frage 79

Frage
[blank_start]Sympathetic[blank_end] activation increases conduction velocity in the AV node • Rate of depolarization increased • i.e. slope of Phase [blank_start]0[blank_end] increase • Leads to more rapiddepolarization of adjacent cellsàmore rapid conduction of action potentials • [blank_start]Positive[blank_end] dromotropy
Antworten
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
  • 0
  • 3
  • 4
  • Positive
  • Negative

Frage 80

Frage
Normal delay of conduction thru AV node reducedàtime between atrial and ventricular contraction reduced • Increase in AV conduction velocity manifests as [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] in P-R interval on EKG
Antworten
  • decrease
  • increase

Frage 81

Frage
[blank_start]Esmolol[blank_end] is a beta blocker that's metabolized in the blood.
Antworten
  • Esmolol

Frage 82

Frage
Parasympathetic Nerves • Releases [blank_start]acetylcholine[blank_end] • Binds to [blank_start]muscarinic[blank_end] • [blank_start]Increases[blank_end] conductivity of K and [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] conductivity of Ca2+ • [blank_start]Decreases[blank_end] heart rate of rhythm and excitability of AV junctional fibers and AV node • Excitatory signals are no longer transmitted into the ventricles.
Antworten
  • acetylcholine
  • norepinephrine
  • muscarinic
  • nicotinic
  • Decreases
  • Increases
  • decreases
  • increases
  • Decreases
  • Increases

Frage 83

Frage
SympatheticNerves • Releases [blank_start]norepinephrine[blank_end] at sympathetic endings. • Binds to [blank_start]β1[blank_end] receptors • [blank_start]Increases[blank_end] the rate of sinus nodal discharge. • [blank_start]Increases[blank_end] the overall heart activity. • [blank_start]Increases[blank_end] the permeability of Na+ and Ca2+ ions.
Antworten
  • acetylcholine
  • norepinephrine
  • β1
  • β2
  • Decreases
  • Increases
  • Decreases
  • Increases
  • Decreases
  • Increases

Frage 84

Frage
Phase 0 is [blank_start]depolarization[blank_end].
Antworten
  • depolarization

Frage 85

Frage
Conduction velocity is altered by: Sympathetic stimulation ([blank_start]increases[blank_end]) Vagal stimulation ([blank_start]decreases[blank_end]) Ischemia/Hypoxia: [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] Drugs (adrenergic and cholinergic): increase or decrease
Antworten
  • decreases
  • increases
  • decreases
  • increases
  • decreases
  • increases

Frage 86

Frage
Label the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve activations appropriately.
Image:
07dcde6c-bb54-4852-a6de-868e8dd80812 (image/png)
Antworten
  • Sympathetic
  • Vagal/Parasympathetic

Frage 87

Frage
Key Difference in Pacemaker Cell AP •The higher the slope of Phase [blank_start]4[blank_end], the higher the rate •Vagal stimulation [blank_start]slows[blank_end] phase 4 depolarization •Rate slows •Catecholamines speed it up
Antworten
  • 0
  • 3
  • 4
  • slows
  • speeds

Frage 88

Frage
Essentially/primary hypertension is [blank_start]95[blank_end] percent of cases. Secondary/demonstrable causes are [blank_start]5[blank_end] percent of cases.
Antworten
  • 95
  • 5

Frage 89

Frage
[blank_start]Salt[blank_end] and H2O retention is the final common pathway shared by all of these etiologies; Interplay of these 2 determined by kidneys
Antworten
  • Salt

Frage 90

Frage
Extracellular fluid volume increases, then arterial pressure [blank_start]increases[blank_end] • increase in arterial pressure, then the kidneys to [blank_start]lose[blank_end] Na+ and water then returns arterial BP to return to normal
Antworten
  • decreases
  • increases
  • lose
  • retain

Frage 91

Frage
The [blank_start]renal function curve[blank_end] depicts the effect of increasing arterial BP on urinary output (UOP).
Antworten
  • renal function curve

Frage 92

Frage
Fill in the blanks for the renal function curve. • [blank_start]50[blank_end] mm Hg = UOP = 0 • [blank_start]100[blank_end] mm Hg = normal UOP • [blank_start]200[blank_end] mm Hg = 6-8 times normal
Antworten
  • 50
  • 100
  • 150
  • 200

Frage 93

Frage
Over time, output must = intake • The point at which this occurs is where the two lines intersect is known as the [blank_start]equilibrium point[blank_end]. • The equilibrium point tends to be at an arterial BP of [blank_start]100[blank_end] mm Hg
Antworten
  • equilibrium point
  • 100

Frage 94

Frage
If arterial BP [blank_start]increases[blank_end] then the loss of H2O and Na+ will be greater than the intake → a [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] in fluid volume and BP will [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] until the arterial pressure falls exactly back to the equilibrium point
Antworten
  • decreases
  • increases
  • decrease
  • increase
  • decrease
  • increase

Frage 95

Frage
If arterial BP falls below the equilibrium point, intake of Na+ and H2O will be [blank_start]greater[blank_end] than the output → an [blank_start]increase[blank_end] in fluid volume and BP until the arterial pressure returns exactly back to the equilibrium point
Antworten
  • greater
  • less
  • decrease
  • increase

Frage 96

Frage
This equilibrium point for the kidneys will occur as long as (1) [blank_start]renal output[blank_end] of salt and water and (2) [blank_start]intake[blank_end] of salt and water remain in balance
Antworten
  • renal output
  • intake

Frage 97

Frage
2 primary ways to change long-term arterial pressure levels • Shifting [blank_start]equilibrium point[blank_end] of the renal output curve to a different pressure • Changing level of [blank_start]H2O[blank_end] and Na+ intake
Antworten
  • equilibrium point
  • H2O

Frage 98

Frage
[blank_start]Renal artery stenosis[blank_end] can cause the renal output curve and equilibrium point to shift to the right.
Antworten
  • Renal artery stenosis

Frage 99

Frage
As the intake of water/salt [blank_start]increases[blank_end], the equilibrium point shifts to the right (160 mm Hg) • If there were a [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] in water/salt intake, the equilibrium point and the arterial BP would also decrease
Antworten
  • decreases
  • increases
  • decrease
  • increase

Frage 100

Frage
Effect of Total Peripheral Resistance TPR Acutely, if TPR [blank_start]increases[blank_end], arterial BP [blank_start]increases[blank_end] • Arterial pressure = CO x TPR
Antworten
  • decreases
  • increases
  • decreases
  • increases

Frage 101

Frage
If renal vascular resistance (RVR) is NOT affected (i.e., increased when TPR is increased), then the equilibrium point for BP [blank_start]will not[blank_end] change
Antworten
  • will
  • will not

Frage 102

Frage
Changes in TPR do not typically affect the [blank_start]long-term[blank_end] arterial pressure level
Antworten
  • long-term
  • short-term

Frage 103

Frage
Which of the following conditions does NOT have a long-term effect on TPR and therefore equilibrium point.
Antworten
  • Beriberi
  • AV shunts
  • Pulmonary disease
  • Paget's disease
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Hypothyroidism

Frage 104

Frage
An increase in TPR without any change in renal resistance would:
Antworten
  • Transiently increase arterial pressure
  • Transiently increase sodium and water excretion
  • Decrease extracellular fluid (ECF)
  • All of the above

Frage 105

Frage
autoregulation— blood volume has [blank_start]increased[blank_end] then tissue blood flow [blank_start]increases[blank_end] throughout body; [blank_start]constricts[blank_end] blood vessels everywhere
Antworten
  • decreased
  • increased
  • decreases
  • increases
  • constricts
  • vasodilates

Frage 106

Frage
As Na+ intake increases, two things happen: • ECF osmolality [blank_start]increases[blank_end] → stimulation of the thirst center to drink more water to return the ECF salt concentration to normal • This excess water intake → ↑ ECFV • The increased osmolality also stimulates the release of [blank_start]ADH[blank_end] → kidney reabsorption of H2O → ↑ ECFV
Antworten
  • decreases
  • increases
  • ADH
  • Angiotensin
  • Aldosterone

Frage 107

Frage
The first stage in a volume-loading hypertension is an increase in [blank_start]cardiac output[blank_end]. The reduction in total peripheral resistance is more related to a [blank_start]baroreceptor[blank_end] effect. The initial increase in BP is the result of the rise in CO.
Antworten
  • cardiac output
  • baroreceptor

Frage 108

Frage
2nd stage – • HTN exists • CO returns to near [blank_start]normal[blank_end] • At same time [blank_start]increased[blank_end] TPR occurs
Antworten
  • normal
  • increased

Frage 109

Frage
Which of the following doesn't happen several weeks following initial-onset volume loading?
Antworten
  • Hypertension
  • Significant increase in TPR
  • Nearly complete return of ECFV, BV, and CO back to normal.
  • Significant decrease in TPR.

Frage 110

Frage
Angiotensinogen-converting enzyme (ACE) lives mostly in where?
Antworten
  • Liver
  • Lungs
  • Kidneys
  • Heart

Frage 111

Frage
Where is renin mostly made and stored?
Antworten
  • Liver
  • Lungs
  • Kidneys
  • Heart

Frage 112

Frage
Which enzyme in the blood and tissues inactivates angiotensin II?
Antworten
  • Angiotensin I
  • Renin
  • Angiotensinases
  • Aldosterone

Frage 113

Frage
Angiotensin Effect on Retention of Salt/Water By Kidneys 1. Direct renal effects • Renal arteriole [blank_start]constriction[blank_end] • Less blood flow thru kidneysàless fluid filtered thru glomeruli into the tubules • Slowedbloodflowresultsinlessperitubularcapillariespressureàrapidreabsorption of fluid from tubules • Act directly on tubular cells to#tubular [blank_start]reabsorption[blank_end] of sodium & water
Antworten
  • constriction
  • reabsorption

Frage 114

Frage
causes aldosterone secretion by adrenal glands • Results in significant [blank_start]increase[blank_end] in sodium reabsorption by renal tubules then H2Oretention, which leads to [blank_start]increase[blank_end] in fluid volume and an increase in BP
Antworten
  • increase
  • increase

Frage 115

Frage
Which of the following does not increase renal excretion of Na and water-increasing BP?
Antworten
  • Angiotensin II
  • Aldosterone
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Endothelin

Frage 116

Frage
Factors that decrease renal excretion of Na & Water to increase BP: 1. [blank_start]Aldosterone[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Angiotensin II[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Endothelin[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]Sympathetic nervous system[blank_end] Factors that Increase Renal Excretion of Na and Water, Reducing Blood Pressure 1. [blank_start]Atrial natriuretic peptide[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Dopamine[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]Nitric oxide[blank_end]
Antworten
  • Aldosterone
  • Angiotensin II
  • Endothelin
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide
  • Dopamine
  • Nitric oxide

Frage 117

Frage
Atrial natriuretic peptide is secreted from the [blank_start]right atrium[blank_end].
Antworten
  • right atrium

Frage 118

Frage
[blank_start]Angiotensin II[blank_end] • Constricts renal arteriolesàless blood flow to kidneys • Stimulates aldosterone secretionàincreases Na+ reabsorption • Directly stimulates Na+ reabsorption in proximal tubules, loops of Henle, distal tubules and collecting tubules [blank_start]• Aldosterone[blank_end] • secreted by adrenal glands • Sodium reabsorption which is followed by water reabsorption • [blank_start]Sympathetic nervous activity[blank_end] • Constricts renal arterioles, reducing GFR; low levels of SNS activation acts on alpha receptors on renal tubular cells increasing Na reabsorption; also stimulates release of renin and AGII formation • [blank_start]Endothelin[blank_end] • Amino peptide in endothelial cells released in response to vessel trauma • Intense vasoconstriction
Antworten
  • Angiotensin II
  • • Aldosterone
  • Sympathetic nervous activity
  • Endothelin

Frage 119

Frage
[blank_start]Atrial natriuretic peptide[blank_end] ¤ Causes decreased Na and H2O reabsorptionà#UOPàreturn blood volume to normalà$BP ̈[blank_start]Nitric oxide[blank_end] ¤Vasodilator ¤ Basal level of NO in kidneys, helps maintain renal vasodilation allowing normal renal excretion of salt/water ̈[blank_start]Dopamine[blank_end] ¤ At low doses, stimulates dopamine- 1 receptors nCause renal vessel vasodilation nStimulates natriuresis
Antworten
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide
  • Nitric oxide
  • Dopamine

Frage 120

Frage
Use the dropdown to choose the appropriate stage in the cardiac cycle: [blank_start]Diastole[blank_end]: Muscle re-establishing Na/K/Ca gradient [blank_start]Systole[blank_end]: Contraction of muscle & ejection of blood from chambers [blank_start]Systole[blank_end]: Muscle stimulated by action potential [blank_start]Diastole[blank_end]: Relaxation of muscle & filling chambers with blood
Antworten
  • Diastole
  • Systole
  • Diastole
  • Systole
  • Diastole
  • Systole
  • Diastole
  • Systole

Frage 121

Frage
Drag and drop to the appropriate location on the cardiac cycle: [blank_start]P-wave[blank_end]: Also known as the atrial wave, represents the spread of depolarization [blank_start]QRS[blank_end]: Ventricle depolarization [blank_start]T-wave[blank_end]: Ventricular repolarization
Antworten
  • P-wave
  • QRS
  • T-wave

Frage 122

Frage
Choose if the following descriptions match the atria or the ventricles: [blank_start]Atria[blank_end]: Contraction enhances ventricular filling. [blank_start]Ventricles[blank_end]: Blood flows from the RV and LV into the pulmonary artery and aorta [blank_start]Atria[blank_end]: Blood flows from the IVC and SVC
Antworten
  • Atria
  • Ventricles
  • Atria
  • Ventricles
  • Atria
  • Ventricles

Frage 123

Frage
True or false: The amount of blood pumped out of the RV will always equal the amount of blood pumped out of the LV.
Antworten
  • True
  • False

Frage 124

Frage
The fullest the ventricle will be is the end diastolic volume (EDV). This number is what?
Antworten
  • 40 to 50 mL
  • 50 to 100 mL
  • 110 to 120 mL
  • 150 to 200 mL

Frage 125

Frage
The emptiest the ventricle will be is the end systolic volume (ESV). What number is this?
Antworten
  • 40 to 50 mL
  • 50 to 100 mL
  • 100 to 150 mL
  • 150 to 200 mL

Frage 126

Frage
The comparison of the end diastolic volume to the end systolic volume is what?
Antworten
  • Total peripheral resistance
  • Pulmonary filling pressure
  • Ejection fraction or stroke volume
  • Arterial pressure

Frage 127

Frage
The average ejection fraction in a healthy adult is what?
Antworten
  • 30 percent
  • 40 percent
  • 50 percent
  • 60 percent

Frage 128

Frage
Select the two factors that can change the EDV and the ESV.
Antworten
  • Strength of contraction
  • Increases in diastolic filling

Frage 129

Frage
Drag and drop the appropriate part of the heart to the area it works. [blank_start]Right Ventricle (RV)[blank_end]: Deoxygenated blood from RA [blank_start]Right Atrium (RA)[blank_end]: Deoxygenated blood from IVC and SVC [blank_start]Left Ventricle (LV)[blank_end]: Oxygenated blood from LA [blank_start]Left Atrium (LA)[blank_end]: Oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation
Antworten
  • Right Ventricle (RV)
  • Right Atrium (RA)
  • Left Ventricle (LV)
  • Left Atrium (LA)

Frage 130

Frage
The atrium is the [blank_start]weaker[blank_end] pump of the heart. The [blank_start]right[blank_end] ventricle sends blood to the pulmonary circulation. The [blank_start]left[blank_end] ventricle sends blood to the peripheral circulation.
Antworten
  • stronger
  • weaker
  • left
  • right
  • left
  • right

Frage 131

Frage
Name the three types of cardiac muscle in alphabetical order: [blank_start]Atrial[blank_end] muscle [blank_start]Excitatory[blank_end] / conductive muscle [blank_start]Ventricular[blank_end] muscle
Antworten
  • Atrial
  • Excitatory
  • Ventricular

Frage 132

Frage
Which of the following is a difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?
Antworten
  • Striations
  • Actin and myosin filaments
  • Low-Resistance intercalated disks

Frage 133

Frage
Heart muscle is a [blank_start]syncytium[blank_end] of many heart muscle cells. When one cell becomes excited the action potential spreads to all of them
Antworten
  • syncytium

Frage 134

Frage
Identify the three characteristics of cardiac muscle and how an impulse travels. [blank_start]Autorhythmic cell[blank_end] [blank_start]Gap junction[blank_end] [blank_start]Contractile cell[blank_end]
Antworten
  • Autorhythmic cell
  • Nerve
  • Gap junction
  • Neuromuscular junction
  • Contractile cell
  • Muscle cell

Frage 135

Frage
Contraction of cardiac muscle is initiated by the [blank_start]SA node[blank_end].
Antworten
  • SA node
  • AV node
  • Bundle of His
  • Purkinje fibers

Frage 136

Frage
Action Potentials: The resting membrane potential of cardiac muscle is [blank_start]-85 to -95[blank_end]. The action potential of cardiac muscle is [blank_start]105[blank_end] millivolts. The plateau lasts [blank_start]0.2 to 0.3[blank_end] seconds in ventricular muscle -- much longer than skeletal muscle.
Antworten
  • -85 to -95
  • -100 to -120
  • -60 to -70
  • 105
  • 120
  • 95
  • 0.2 to 0.3
  • 0.3 to 0.4
  • 0.5 to 0.7

Frage 137

Frage
Which of the following is responsible for the influx of intracellular calcium in cardiac muscle?
Antworten
  • Intracellular sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Activation of the dihydropridene (DHP) channels
  • Activation of the ligand-gated channels
  • Passive sodium flow

Frage 138

Frage
In cardiac muscle, after the outflow of K+ ions during an action potential (AP), the permeability to K+ ions [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] tremendously. This prevents the early return of the AP voltage to its resting level.
Antworten
  • decreases
  • increases

Frage 139

Frage
Action potentials of the cardiac cell is much [blank_start]longer[blank_end] than the AP of the nerve cell.
Antworten
  • longer
  • shorter

Frage 140

Frage
Label the portions of the ventricular muscle action potential:
Image:
cf6e4af3-218b-422d-a9e1-fb0975e7680f (image/png)
Antworten
  • Fast Na channels open, then slow Ca chan
  • K channels open
  • Ca channels open more
  • K channels open more
  • Resting membrane potential

Frage 141

Frage
Put the steps of rapid depolarization of a cardiac cell in order: [blank_start]Rapid change membrane pot. from + to -[blank_end] [blank_start]Voltage pauses above 0 mV level[blank_end] [blank_start]Membrane potential inc. to Na[blank_end] and [blank_start]dec to K[blank_end] [blank_start]Begins absolute refractory period[blank_end] [blank_start]Cardiac muscle can't be excited again.[blank_end]
Antworten
  • Rapid change membrane pot. from + to -
  • Voltage pauses above 0 mV level
  • Membrane potential inc. to Na
  • dec to K
  • Begins absolute refractory period
  • Cardiac muscle can't be excited again.

Frage 142

Frage
Put the steps of initial re-polarization in order for cardiac muscle: 1. [blank_start]Movement of Na into cells STOPS[blank_end] 2. [blank_start]Sodium gates close[blank_end] 3. [blank_start]C enters cell.[blank_end] 4. [blank_start]K leaves cell.[blank_end] 5. [blank_start]When Na stops, voltage begins to decline[blank_end]. 6. [blank_start]SLOW influx of Ca begins via slow Ca[blank_end] channels.
Antworten
  • Movement of Na into cells STOPS
  • Sodium gates close
  • C enters cell.
  • K leaves cell.
  • When Na stops, voltage begins to decline
  • SLOW influx of Ca begins via slow Ca

Frage 143

Frage
SA node action potential has [blank_start]fewer[blank_end] phases than other cardiac muscle types.
Antworten
  • fewer
  • more
  • the same amount

Frage 144

Frage
Place in order the phases of the SA node. Phase 0: [blank_start]Na & Ca influx[blank_end] Phase 3: [blank_start]K efflux[blank_end] Phase 4: [blank_start]Progressively slowed K efflux[blank_end] & intrinsic [blank_start]Na influx leak causes spontaneous[blank_end] depolarization.
Antworten
  • Na & Ca influx
  • K efflux
  • Progressively slowed K efflux
  • Na influx leak causes spontaneous

Frage 145

Frage
[blank_start]Refractory period:[blank_end] During this time, the cardiac muscle cannot be re-excited. [blank_start]Relative refractory period:[blank_end] Cell can be excited, but the signal must be very strong. Example is an early or "premature" contraction.
Antworten
  • Refractory period:
  • Relative refractory period:

Frage 146

Frage
Cardiac T-tubules are five times [blank_start]larger[blank_end] than skeletal muscle T-tubules.
Antworten
  • larger
  • smaller

Frage 147

Frage
Excess Ca causes [blank_start]spastic contraction[blank_end]. Low Ca causes [blank_start]cardiac dilation[blank_end].
Antworten
  • spastic contraction
  • cardiac dilation

Frage 148

Frage
Atrioventricular (AV) valves allow blood flow in one direction FROM atria to ventricle. [blank_start]Tricuspid valve[blank_end]: Between RA & RV [blank_start]Mitral valve:[blank_end] Between LA & LV
Antworten
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Mitral valve:

Frage 149

Frage
The semilunar valves are the outlet valves of the ventricles. They provide blood from each ventricle into large outflow tract vessel. [blank_start]Pulmonary valve[blank_end]: Between RV & Pulmonary artery [blank_start]Aortic valve[blank_end]: Between LV & aorta
Antworten
  • Pulmonary valve
  • Aortic valve

Frage 150

Frage
Label the parts of the Atrial Pressure Wave:
Image:
132c6d50-c549-474c-9c31-9016ccf8c0f2 (image/png)
Antworten
  • Atrial Contraction
  • Ventricular contraction (AV valves bulge
  • flow of blood into the atria

Frage 151

Frage
Diastole -Isovolumic relaxation -A-V valves [blank_start]open[blank_end] -Rapid inflow of blood -Diastasis -Slow flow into ventricle -Atrial systole -Extra blood in following P wave. -Accounts for 20-25 % of filling
Antworten
  • close
  • open

Frage 152

Frage
Systole 1. Isovolumic contraction 2. A-V valves [blank_start]close[blank_end] ventricular press>atrial press 3. Aortic valve opens 4. Ejection phase 5. Aortic valve closes
Antworten
  • close
  • open

Frage 153

Frage
Aortic Pressure Curve 1. Aortic pressure starts to [blank_start]increase[blank_end] during systole after the aortic valve opens 2. Aortic pressure [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] toward the end of the ejection phase. 3. Aftertheaorticvalvecloses,an incisura occurs because of sudden cessation of back-flow toward left ventricle. 4. Aortic pressure [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] slowly during diastole because of the elasticity of the aorta.
Antworten
  • decrease
  • increase
  • decreases
  • increases
  • decreases
  • increases

Frage 154

Frage
[blank_start]Ejection Fraction[blank_end] = (SV/EDV) x 100
Antworten
  • Ejection Fraction

Frage 155

Frage
Compute the following to calculate ejection fraction: EDV = 150 End-Systolic Volume = 50
Antworten
  • 55%
  • 60%
  • 67%
  • 70%

Frage 156

Frage
If heart rate is 70 and stroke volume is 70, what is the cardiac output?
Antworten
  • 3.5 L/min
  • 4 L/min
  • 4.9 L/min
  • 6 L/min

Frage 157

Frage
The normal value for ejection fraction is [blank_start]60 to 70[blank_end] percent. An EF less than [blank_start]40[blank_end] percent is associated with significant left ventricular impairment.
Antworten
  • 60 to 70
  • 50 to 60
  • 40 to 60
  • 40
  • 50
  • 30

Frage 158

Frage
Select the normal valve area for the Aortic valve.
Antworten
  • 1.5 to 3.0
  • 2.5 to 4.5
  • 3 to 5
  • 4 to 6

Frage 159

Frage
What is the normal valve area for the mitral valve?
Antworten
  • 2.5 to 4.5
  • 3 to 5
  • 1 to 3
  • 4 to 6

Frage 160

Frage
Mean Pressure Gradient (mmHg) 1. Aortic <[blank_start]5[blank_end] 2. Mitral <[blank_start]2[blank_end]
Antworten
  • 5
  • 3
  • 2
  • 5
  • 3
  • 2

Frage 161

Frage
Because of smaller opening, velocity through aortic & pulmonary valves [blank_start]exceed[blank_end] that through the A-V valves.
Antworten
  • exceed
  • are less than

Frage 162

Frage
Label the ventricular pressure/volume loops.
Image:
71f7f8f1-411c-47a8-9738-372886cd875d (image/png)
Antworten
  • Mitral Valve (MV) Closes
  • Aortic Valve (AV) Opens
  • Aortic Valve Closes
  • Mitral Valve Opens
  • Stroke Volume (70mL)
  • End Systolic Volume (50mL)
  • End diastolic volume (120 mL)
  • Afterload
  • Preload

Frage 163

Frage
Know these key points from Ray's powerpoint.
Image:
597af1d8-5972-4933-9db0-f2f7447a2bad (image/png)
Antworten
  • Systole begins, diastole ends
  • Systole ends, Diastole begins

Frage 164

Frage
Increased contractility [blank_start]increases[blank_end] stroke volume.
Antworten
  • decreases
  • increases

Frage 165

Frage
Increased preload [blank_start]increases[blank_end] stroke volume.
Antworten
  • decreases
  • increases

Frage 166

Frage
Increased afterload [blank_start]decreases[blank_end] stroke volume.
Antworten
  • decreases
  • increases

Frage 167

Frage
Increasing the arterial pressure in the aorta does not decrease the CO until the MAP rises above what?
Antworten
  • 80
  • 100
  • 120
  • 160

Frage 168

Frage
Frank-Starling Law Intrinsic ability of the heart to adapt to increasing volumes of inflowing blood Greater the heart muscle is stretched during filling, the [blank_start]greater[blank_end] force of contraction, the greater amt of blood pumped to aorta
Antworten
  • greater
  • lesser

Frage 169

Frage
The Frank-Starling Relationship says that [blank_start]Increased[blank_end] ventricular filling [blank_start]Increased[blank_end] Preload [blank_start]Increased[blank_end] LVEDP [blank_start]Increased[blank_end] Stroke Volume
Antworten
  • Decreased
  • Increased
  • Decreased
  • Increased
  • Decreased
  • Increased
  • Decreased
  • Increased

Frage 170

Frage
What are the ways to increase cardiac output? [blank_start]Increase[blank_end] contractility [blank_start]Increase[blank_end] preload [blank_start]Decrease[blank_end] after load Change the rate
Antworten
  • Decrease
  • Increase
  • Decrease
  • Increase
  • Decrease
  • Increase
Zusammenfassung anzeigen Zusammenfassung ausblenden

Möchten Sie mit GoConqr kostenlos Ihre eigenen Quiz erstellen? eigenen Mehr erfahren.

ähnlicher Inhalt

American Dream
luisepeters
Der Stephansdom
Karin Wanke
B, Kapitel 1.2, Grundlagen der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft
Stefan Kurtenbach
Geometrie
Tahir Celikkol
Deutsch Partizip Perfekt - unregelmäßige Verben
Claus Lenz
screws and bolts
Ruben Sutter
ME2 Theorie
Matin Shah
Lf. 2 Büroprozesse gestalten und Arbeitsvorgänge organisieren
Sarah Schneider
Systemwissenschaften 1 Teil Jäger
Gustav Glanz
Vetie Chirurgie 2020
Henriette Greiner
Vetie - Geflügelkrankheitn 2014
steff Müller
Bibliothek durchsuchen