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Karteikarten von Elyse Parcher, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Elyse Parcher
vor etwa 12 Jahre
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| Frage | Antworten |
| Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis | -developed by Sigmund Freud -theory of personality and type of psychotherapy -long treatment plan often lasting 3-5 years or more -in classical analysis the patient is seen 4-5 times per week -emphasizes the past, said to be "historic" |
| Free Association | Patient is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind -used in psychoanalysis |
| Repression | Something that is too painful to face is totally forgotten -this is considered most important defense mechanism in psychoanalysis |
| Displacement | Taking your anger out on a safe target rather than the source of your anger |
| Projection | You can't accept a quality about yourself so you attribute it to others (i.e. you think you are looking out of a window, but you are really looking into a mirror) |
| Reaction Formation | You deny an unacceptable unconscious impulse by acting in the opposite manner |
| Sublimination | You express an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable manner -often cited in career counseling |
| Rationalization | When a person overrates or underrates a reward or outcome |
| Identification | Joining a feared person (such as a gang) to relieve your anxiety |
| Suppression or Denial | Occurs when you purposefully don't think of a situation (not unconscious or automatic) |
| Transference | The client behaves as if the analyst is a parent or caretaker from the past |
| Abreaction/Catharsis | Discharge of repressed emotions |
| Freud's Structural Theory of Personality | Superego- the moral seat of the mind housing two entities: the conscious and the ego ideal Ego- balances the id and the superego; operated on reality principle Id- houses biological forces, especially sex and aggression; operates on pleasure principle striving for immediate gratification and tension reduction |
| Eros and Thantos | Eros- life instinct Thantos- death instinct |
| Carl Jung | -broke away from Freud in 1914 because he felt that Freud overemphasized the role of sexuality -developed Analytic Psychology, which is also psychodynamic |
| Analytic Psychology | The unconscious has two parts: 1. Personal unconscious- similar to what Freud postulated 2. Collective unconscious- an unconscious that one inherits which is common to all individuals; composed of archetypes passed down through the ages |
| Archetypes | Persona- a social mask the person wears Animus- masculine side of the female Anima- feminine side of the male Shadow- dark side of personality related to the animal instincts Self- symbolized via a mandala (magic circle in Sanskrit) or a balance between the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious |
| Jung Typologies | -Jung created the introversion/extroversion typologies -Jung felt that everyone possess both, but that one is dominant -The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) has its roots in this work |
| Individuation | Jungs term for becoming a human being |
| Alfred Adler | -Broke away from Freud to create Individual Psychology |
| Individual Psychology | -Psychodynamic approach -focuses on the fact that behavior is one's unconscious attempt to compensate for feelings of inferiority -an individual constructs a lifestyle which is chosen |
| "Will to Power" | The main driving force in humans that Alfred Adler incorporated into his theory of Individual Psychology to explain how humans generate feelings of superiority |
| Principle of Fictional Finalism | The notion that behavior is motivated primarily by future opportunities rather than the past |
| Birth Order | -Adler stressed the importance of birth order or place in the family constellation -First born are conservative leaders -Second born tend to be competitive and rebellious -believed that sibling interaction can have a greater impact than parent-child interaction |
| Behaviorism, Behavior Modification, and Behavior Therapy | - John B. Watson coined the term behaviorism -Arnold Lazarus created the term behavior therapy -counselors who use these approaches assume that behavior is based on learning than insight into the unconscious mind -criticisms of behavior therapy are that it does not yield insight, it treats symptoms not the root cause, and it can be manipulative and often changes behavior but not underlying feelings |
| B.F Skinner | -Radical behaviorism -behavior is modeled solely by its consequences -paradigm is also known as operant or instrumental conditioning |
| Positive Reinforcer vs. Negative Reinforcer | Positive reinforcer- stimulus that raises the probability that a behavior will be repeated; the reinforcer must come after the behavior (or operant) Negative reinforcer- also raise behavior by taking something adverse away -all reinforcers increase behavior and are said to follow or some after the behavior |
| Albert Bandura | Social Learning Theory -the person's own behavior increases when he or she sees somebody else getting reinforced for it -also referred to as vicarious learning or modeling |
| Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement vs. Interval Schedules of Reinforcement | Ratio schedules of reinforcement rely on work output Interval schedules of reinforcement rely on time |
| Continuous Reinforcement vs. Intermittent Reinforcement | Continuous reinforcement occurs when each behavior is reinforced Intermittent reinforcement occurs when some, but not all of the desired behaviors are reinforced |
| Shaping | Shaping with successive approximations is reinforcing small chunks of behavior that lead to the desired behavior |
| Differential reinforcement of other/alternative behavior (DRO/A) | Takes place when the helper reinforces behaviors others than the dysfunctional behavior to reduce dysfunctional target behavior |
| Ivan Pavlov | Classical Conditioning -associated with behavior therapy |
| Joseph Wolpe | Systematic Desensitization -can be conducted individually or in a group to curb fears and abate anxiety -technique of counterconditioning that is based on Pavlov's classical conditioning and relies on relaxation and imagining feared stimuli |
| Implosive therapy | Client imagines scary or feared stimuli in the safety on the counselor's office |
| Biofeedback devices | Used to enhance the client's self-control (such as muscle tension) and are a form of operant conditioning |
| Carl R. Rogers | Person-Centered Humanistic Theory - basic notion is that human beings can self-actualize and reach their full potential in a therapeutic setting the fosters growth -Classified as an optimistic form of therapy |
| Rogers' Three Conditions for Effective Helping | 1. Empathy 2. Genuine 3. Unconditional positive regard -Empathy is not sympathy! It is the ability to subjectively understand the client's world in the here-and-now, to walk in his or her shoes, and convey this to the client |
| Robert Carkhuff | Created 5-point empath scale with a level five as the best response |
| Albert Ellis | Active-Directive Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) -previously known as RET, this is a cognitive behavioral form of therapy -"change your thinking, and you can change your life"; essence of treatment captured in the saying Epictetus, a first century stoic philosopher, "Men are disturbed not by things, but the view which they take of them" -Irrational beliefs (IB's) are replaced by rational beliefs (RB's) via the counseling process -Uses the ABCDE model or personality |
| ABC or ABCDE Model of Personality | A- anticipating event B- client's belief system C- emotional consequence D- counselor disputes the irrational belief (at B) E- the new emotional consequence that occurs when B becomes rational |
| Self-talk or Internal Verbalizations | Humans have an innate tendency to think in an irrational, illogical, unscientific manner |
| Ellis's Causes of Irrational Thouhts | Shoulds, Oughts, Musts, Terriblizing, and Awfulizing |
| Aaron Beck | CBT Emphasizes automatic thoughts which are distortions of reality such as: -polarized black-or-white thinking, -overgeneralizing based on a single event, -personalization, or wrongly attributing an event to yourself, -drawing conclusions without evidence -clients are urged to keep a record of dysfunctional thoughts |
| Fitz Perls | Gestalt Therapy -Experiential/Existential approach -focuses on here and now in attempt to help client become whole again -relies on dream work, role playing, confrontation, top dog/underdog concept, hot seat, and the empty char technique |
| Eric Berne | Transactional Analysis - a here-and-now approach that took Freudian terminology and made it fun and easy to understand -takes into account the transactions between individuals -person develops a life plan called a life script -often combined this Gestalt, which has been criticized since TA is cognitive and Gestalt is experiential ("like mixing oil and water"); others say this is desirable because the two compliment each other |
| Ego States in TA | PAC 1. Parent 2. Child 3. Adult -these roughly correspond to Freud's Id (child), Ego (adult), and Superego (parent) |
| Tom Harris's Life Positions | Used in Transactional Analysis 1. "I'm Ok, You're Ok" = Healthy 2. "I'm Ok, You're not Ok" or "I'm not Ok, Your'e Ok" = Unhealthy 3. "Im not Ok, You're not Ok" = Unhealthy |
| Games | Transactional Analysis describes how games are played to avoid intimacy; somebody is always hurt in a game |
| Stephen B. Karpman | Drama Triangle, aka Karpman's Triangle- posits that there are three roles that people habitually take in a situation/discussion: -victim -persecutor -rescuer |
| William Glasser | New Reality Therapy with Choice Theory -focuses on present behavior clients are taught that they create their own personal reality with the behaviors they choose -success identity is the result of being loved and accepted -Glasser believes that "behavior is the control of our perceptions" -Glasser holds strongly that psychiatric medications are not the answer and challenges the medical model of psychiatry -Glasser has been criticized for downplaying the role of environment in terms of impacting ethnic minorities -Reality therapy has been deemed weak in terms of not dealing with dreams, the past, or traumatic memories |
| 8 Steps of Reality Therapy | 1. Build a relationship with the client 2. Focus on present moment behavior 3. Help the client to evaluate his or her current behavior 4. Develop a contact with an action plan 5. Have the client commit to the plan 6. Accept no excuses 7. Do not use punishment 8. Refuse to give up on your client |
| Psychological Needs in Reality Therapy | -Belonging -Power -Freedom -Fun |
| Postmodern Social Constructivist Theories | Social Constructionism emphasizes that realities are socially constructed. Therapies include: -Brief Therapy -Narrative Therapy |
| Michael White and David Epston | Narrative Therapy -NT postulates that individuals construct their lives by stories they tell about themselves and stories others create about them; stories create meaning and this becomes the client's identity -therapy consists of the client describing his/her life experiences and then reauthoring or rewriting the narrative in a new way -a narrative therapist externalizes the problem in his/her progress notes and sends it to the client as a letter in between sessions the narrative therapist see's him or her self as a consultant or a collaborator with the client (can create a problem for multicultural counseling as some cultures want an expert for a therapist) |
| Steve DeShazer & Insoo Kim Berg | Solution Focused Brief Therapy -focuses on solutions and not on understanding the problem; focus is on exceptions to the rule> What is working -uses exception questions: "When have you not had this problem?" -uses the miracle questions: "If a miracle took place while you were sleeping, how would you know the problem was solved? -Goals are small and realistic -uses the formula first session task (FFST), a homework assignment prescribed after the first session -recently, this approach as gained popularity in group treatment settings -brief therapy is becoming the norm in many instances since managed care firms often restrict the number of sessions that a client can attend |
| Frederick Thorne | Psychotherapy Integration -uses strategies from a number of counseling schools -instead of merely using techniques from the approaches in electicism, the integrative approach assumes that using or integrating two or more theories will often produce results that are superior to a single school of therapy -becoming more popular |
| Family Counseling | -asserts that the pathology resides in the family system and not in an individual -client is the family and not the identified patient -family therapists believe in circular rather than linear causality |
| First-order change vs. Second-order change | First-order change occurs when a client makes a superficial change to deal with the problem, but the change does not alter the underlying structure of the family Second-order change alters the underlying structure of the family and thus makes a difference that is longer lasting -often spoken by Solution Focused Brief Therapists |
| Case Integration | Takes place when several helpers from the same agency or different agencies work together without duplicating services to help an individual client |
| Milieu Therapy | Urges helpers to change the client's entire environment (social and physical) to help the client -treatment is not limited to counseling sessions; in most instances, this takes place in inpatient treatment facilities |
| Nathan Ackerman | Psychoanalytic family therapist |
| Virginia Satir | Experiential conjoint family therapist who popularized the notion that in times of stress, family members use four inept patterns of communication: 1. The placator- tries to please everybody in the family 2. The blamer 3. The reasonable analyzer- who intellectualizes 4. The irrelevant distractor- who interrupts and changes the topic to something irrelevant |
| Carl Whitaker | Experimentalist family therapist known for being very wild, radical, and creative -often utilized cotherapist |
| Murray Bowen | Intergenerational therapist; his approach is often referred to as Extended Family Systems Therapy -used genograms |
| Triangulation | Also referred to as triangles, occurs when two people who are stressed, bring in a third part to reduce the dyad's stress level and restore equilibrium |
| Genograms | Graphic diagrams of the family from a minimum of three generations |
| Fusion | A blurring of the psychological boundaries between the self and others; a person driven by fusion can't separate their thoughts from their feelings or identify their own thoughts and feelings from others |
| Differentiation | The opposite of fusion; Differentiation is the ability to control reason over emotion; people often secure their level of differentiation from a multigenerational transmission process |
| Salvador Minuchin | Structural Family Therapy Proposes that changes in the family system, subsystems, and family organization must take place in order for individual family members to resolve their systems -directive and performed in the here-and-now |
| Joining and Mimesis | Joining- blending with the family Mimesis- popular strategy of joining where the therapist imitates or copies family communication and patterns |
| Jay Hayley & Cloe Madaness | Strategic Family Therapy -also called MRI model and the communications model -the therapist gives directives or prescriptions (often paradoxical) -relabeling and reframing problems is common -warns that double-blind communication (e.g. parent telling her child she loves her while beating her severely) could cause serious psychopathology, including schizophrenia |
| Other Brief Strategic/Paradoxical Therapists | -Milton H. Erickson -Steve DeShazer -Bill O'Hanlon -Paul Watzlawick -Don Jackson -Michelle Weiner Davis |
| Milan Model | Uses a treatment team with a one-way mirror |
| Consultation | Occurs when you voluntarily assist a counselor or counselors (known as consultees) who will be helping clients |
| Gerald Caplan | Father of mental health consultation |
| Edgar Schein | Models of Consultation 1. Expertise Model- you buy the person's information and knowledge 2. Doctor-Patient Model- you aren't sure what the problem is, so you hire an expert to diagnose and treat it 3. Process Consultation Model- the consultant helps the consultee with the process -Process models focus on the process -Content models focus on the imparting knowledge to the consultee |
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