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Frage | Antworten |
Social psychological approach Social learning theory BANDURA | Aggressive behavior is learned through direct experience or by observing others |
Social Psychological Approach BANDURA social learning theory What are the 2 ways of learning aggression? | 1) Learning by direct experience- if an action is reinforced ans is likely to occur again 2) Learning by reinforcement- sees role model behaving in a certain way and reproduces that behavior |
What are the main methods of SLT? | 1) attention- can only learn if they concentrate 2) Retention- needs to be remembered 3) Production- need to be able to reproduce behavior 4) Motivation- individual expects to receive positive reinforcement for the modeled behavior |
who are the most prominent source of modelling behavior? | Family Members |
KEY STUDY- BOBO DOLL | observing children aggressive and non aggressive behavior 2 groups- 1 observing an aggressive adult and 1 not children taken in a room with bobo doll aggressive group acted more aggressive to the doll |
Evaluation of SLT | Homicide rates increase after a boxing match Practical applications- children in aggressive families more likely to be aggressive BOBO doll lacks ecological validity- child's toy made to be hit |
Social psychological approach De-individualtion | To loose sense of identity People act more aggressive in groups than they would on their own Become faceless and anonymous |
What 2 situations can de-individuation occur? | 1) Becoming part of a crowd 2) Identifying with a particular role (often aided by wearing a mask or uniform) |
Research of de-individuation Zimbardo | Female undergrad students 2 groups- 1 wore bulky lab coats and hoods that hid faces group 2 given large name tags and introduced by name Both groups could see participants being shocked Hooded group shocked participant for twice as long |
Evaluation of de-individuation | Adolescents more comfortable seeking mental health advice anonymously online Handball teams more aggressive when wearing matching kits Violence in N.Ireland out of 500 attacks 206 were carried out anonymously Demand characteristics in research Gender Bias- males & females DO NOT respond in the same way- males more prone to losing inhibitions |
Social Psychological Approaches Institutional Agression | Acts of institutional aggression range from physical abuse to acts designed to destroy a national, racial or religious group |
Social Psychological Approaches Institutional Aggression Interpersonal factors- IRWIN & CRESSEY | Claim that prisoners bring their own social history and traits into prison They are not blank slates and many normative systems developed on the outside would be brought into prison |
Social Psychological Approaches Institutional Aggression Situational Factors- Deprivation Model | The model argues prisoner aggression is the product of the stressful and oppressive conditions of the institution These factors include crowding, assumed increase of fear & frustration levels and staff experience |
Social Psychological Approaches Institutional Aggression ZIMBARDO PRISON EXPERIMENT | Called off after 6 days Prison guards took on role with no instructions and abused 'prisoners' |
Social Psychological Approaches Institutional Aggression Evaluation | Research Support for deprivation model- lack of privacy, overcrowding & lack of meaningful activity in prison influenced in interpersonal violence Real life implications for running prisons Zimbardos experiment s artificial Participant relativity bias- guards and prisoners may have been playing a role |
Biological explanations of aggression Neurotransmitters | Natural Mechanisms that are most associated with aggressive behavior |
Biological explanations of aggression What 2 neurotransmitters are thought to be important in the control of aggressive behavior? | Dopamine Serotonin |
LOW LEVELS OF.... | SEROTONIN |
HIGH LEVELS OF... | DOPAMINE |
Biological explanations of aggression Serotonin- Mann | 35 participants- gave drug to lower serotonin used a questionnaire to assess hostility and aggression increase of aggression in men NOT women |
Biological explanations of aggression Dopamine- Lavine | Anti psychotics which reduce dopamine activity in the brain have shown to reduce agressie behaviour |
Biological explanations of aggression Evaluation of Neurotransmitters Research Support | Examined neurotransmitter levels in anti-social children & adults, the studies constantly found low levels of serotonin in aggressive individuals |
Biological explanations of aggression Evaluation of Neurotransmitters Support from non human studies | importance of serotonin in monkeys, fed food with a drug that increased serotonin and saw a decrease in aggression |
Biological explanations of aggression Evaluation of Neurotransmitters Reductionist | link between neurotransmitters and aggression NOT clear cannot put down complex human behavior to one factor |
Biological explanations of aggression Hormones | Regulate and control bodily functions e.g. aggression |
Biological explanations of aggression Testosterone | thought to act in areas of the brain which control aggression from young adulthood |
Biological explanations of aggression what is thought to be the primary biochemical influence on aggression | Testosterone |
Biological explanations of aggression Hormones- Testosterone DEBBS | Testosterone levels in saliva were able to differentiate between violent and non violent criminals |
Biological explanations of aggression Hormones- Testosterone LINDMAN | Aggressive behavior in drunk males positively correlated with testosterone levels |
Biological explanations of aggression Hormones- Testosterone Evaluation Reductionist | link between aggression and hormones not clear complex human behavior cannot be put down to one factor |
Biological explanations of aggression Hormones- Testosterone Evaluation Gender Bias | Studies mainly carried out on males, especially those in the prison population- cannot genralise |
Biological explanations of aggression Hormones- Testosterone Evaluation Cultural Bias | Carried out in western society |
what kind of research are testosterone studies? | Correlation |
Biological explanations of aggression- genetic factors Twin Studies | Compares similarity of MZ and DZ twins for traits of aggression found aggressive behavior highly correlated more in MZ than DZ twins |
Biological explanations of aggression- genetic factors Twin studies What was the concordance rate for MZ twins? | 87% |
Biological explanations of aggression- genetic factors Twin studies What was the concordance rate for DZ twins? | 72% |
Biological explanations of aggression- genetic factors Adoption Studies | 14,000 adoptions in Denmark Positive correlation between criminal violence of biological parents and number of criminal violence among their adopted sons |
Biological explanations of aggression- genetic factors Evaluation Nature v's Nurture | Genetic factors count for 40% of individual differences in aggression |
Biological explanations of aggression- genetic factors Evaluation Reductionist | Link between aggression and genetics not clear complex human behavior cannot be put down to one factor |
Biological explanations of aggression- genetic factors Evaluation Sampling | convictions for violent crimes are rare so only represent a small minority |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression Why has aggressive behavior developed? | an adaptive response to prevent people from leaving |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression why do males experience sexual jealousy? | aggressive adaptive behavior to prevent a female from leaving |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression infidelity & jealousy | men have adapted retention techniques to keep hold of partners |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression infidelity & jealousy What are examples of mate retention techniques? | snooping preventing partner from talking to other males emotional/physical abuse |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression Cuckoldory | female tricks male into thinking a child is theirs |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression How does cuckoldry effect males? | loose chance to produce offspring to pass on genes |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression What are sexual coercive tactics? | Partner rape to make sure child is theirs |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression cuckoldry & sexual jealousy CAMILLER | sexual assault of female by male partner was directly linked to perceived risk of infidelity |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression Evaluation Research support | mate retention men who suspected their wives were having an affair over the next year gave greater punishment for known or expected infidelity than those who did not anticipate future infidelities |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression Evaluation Limitation of correlation | does not infer cause and effect |
Evolutionary explanations of group displays of aggression Sports events- Xenophobia | documented in almost every group of animals that display higher forms of social organisation |
Evolutionary explanations of group displays of aggression Sports events- Xenophobia What does natural selection favor? | genes that cause human beings to be accepting of own groups but intolerant towards outsiders. |
Evolutionary explanations of group displays of aggression Sports events- Xenophobia What is Xenophobia linked to? | Nationalism/racism |
Evolutionary explanations of group displays of aggression Sports events- Xenophobia EVANS & ROWE | 40 football matches all in Europe more aggression when their was a national game English clubs ethnically diverse less likely to invoke an xenophobic response |
Evolutionary explanations of group displays of aggression Sports events- Xenophobia Evaluation Real world application | Power of xenophobic violence has encouraged football clubs to take steps to minimize influence German football teams wore shirts that said ' a foreigner is my friend' |
Evolutionary explanations of group displays of aggression Sports events- Xenophobia Evaluation Research Support | link between xenophobic behavior and violent displays among football crowds Racist conduct of extremist led to an increase of spectators violence in general |
Evolutionary explanations of group displays of aggression Sports events- Xenophobia Evaluation MARSH | Being a football hooligan gives working class males achieve a sense of personal worth in eyes of peers Group displays of aggression part of an alternative career structure for working class males |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression group displays- Warfare TRIVERS | Men go to war and believe they will gain from it in the future- so women will choose them |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression group displays- Warfare KELLY & DUNBAR | Bravest men were better hunters higher social status, so mate would also have a high social status |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression group displays- Warfare STEAMS | females choose mates that are brave so offspring will have 'courageous genes' |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression group displays- Warfare how could choosing a 'brave' mate be harmful for the female? | they may die/get killed and leave the female behind with no support |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression group displays- Warfare Evaluation Face Validity | concept of sexual selection- female chooses strongest mate |
Evolutionary explanations of aggression group displays- Warfare Evaluation KELLY & DUNBAR | Bravery is rewarded same among all cultures group displays in humans are innate and determined by genes |
what are the social psychological explanations of aggression? | social learning theory de individuation institutional aggression |
what are the biological explanations of aggression? | neural & hormonal genetics |
evolutionary explanations of aggression? | jealousy infidelity |
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