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Erzeugt von Hayley Pfeffer
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| Frage | Antworten |
| What may cause a physical intestinal obstruction? | Foreign body enteroliths trichobezoars Ascarids constipation- fecal impaction |
| What may cause an extrinsic intestinal obstruction | tumour fibrous adhesion strangulation by internal strangulation of intestines |
| What may cause a functional obstruction of the intestines? | paralytic ileus |
| What is paralytic ileus? | absence of normal intestinal tone and perastaltic movements |
| what happens to the intestines of an animal with paralytic ileus? | become flaccid and distended by fluid |
| What else can cause intestinal obstruction? | secondary to developmental disorder Grass sickness |
| what is grass sickness and who does it affect? | partial paralysis of the intestine with the accumulation of ingesta horses |
| Consequence of intestinal obstruction | interferes with propagation of perastaltic contractions and the passage of intestinal contents |
| What can happen with an intestinal obstruction which is particularly catastrophic? | compression of the blood supply |
| The higher the obstruction the more _______ | acute, severe and rapid the course of events |
| Describe what occurs in acute upper intestinal obstruction | -fluid is unable to be absorbed -distention of intestine leads reflexively to further increased secretion of fluid -increase in peristalsis prox and dis to point of obstruction- pain -reverses peristalsis occurs obve obstruction causing intense vomiting -loose fluid and electrolytes through vomiting |
| What happens to the intestine as it dilates due to the accumulation of fluid and gas? | becomes paralysed |
| What compensation mechanism occurs to for loss of electrolytes and water | reduced renal filtration |
| What alteration in blood chemistry do you see as a result of acute upper intestinal obstruction | haemoconcentration depletion of electrolytes alkalosis loss of potassium |
| How does an obstruction lower in the SI or colon compare? | -less acute -greater absorptive surface-fluid and electrolyte loss less apparent -as gas and fluid pressure builds up an alteration in mucosa permeability means bacterial toxins are absorbed-get toxaemia |
| What happens when you get obstruction due to strangulation? | congestion of the affected segment of gut haemorrhage into the lumen infarction of intestinal wall permeable to bacteria death- fluid and electrolyte loss + toxaemia |
| What does volvulus involve? | twist of the intestine about the root of the mesenteric attachment |
| What does vovulus do to the intestines? | occludes venous drainage intestines become congested and infarcted fill with blood stained fluid |
| Volvulus is quiet common in? | young animals |
| Describe intestinal torsion | twist about the long axis of the intestine |
| What does a intestinal torsion result in? | dilated, congested and infarcted segemnt of twisted bowel |
| Redgut What species is it seen in? | sheep |
| What predisposes to redgut? | young sheep on lush, high protein, low fiber pasture |
| What causes red gut? | rapid passage of ingesta leading to increased fermentation and VFA production in the caecum |
| what does red gut lead to? | gas distension volvulus of large intestine congestion of affected gut |
| describe Intussception | telescoping of one segment of intestinal into the adjacent distal segment |
| What is intussception a cause of in horses? | Severe colic |
| What may predispose to intussception? | parasitism Intestinal irritation |
| describe enventration | displacement of intestine outside abdominal cavity |
| What may cause enventration? | broken down surgical wound trauma patent umbilicus schistosomus reflexus |
| Describe Internal hernia | Herniation of viscera inside peritoneal cavity Displacement of intestines (or other organs) through a tear in the mesentary, omentum, diaphragm or restricted area in the peritoneal cavity |
| What may cause a diaphragmatic hernia? | trauma |
| External hernia | herniation of viscera outside peritoneal cavity |
| What may occur to herniated organs or tissues? | strangulation and infarction |
| name 3 types of external hernias? | umbilical inguinal perineal |
| Another name for intestinal lipofuscinosis | brown bowel disease |
| What is brown bowel disease? | the brownish pigmentation of the stomach and intestines due to the deposition of a lipofuscin-type pigment in smooth muscle |
| What may brown bowel disease be associated with? | malabsorption in chronic enteritis pancreatic disease |
| What is rectal prolapse associated with? | tenesmus (straining) |
| what may cause rectal prolapse in pigs? and what may be seen concurrently? | intoxication with zearalenone vaginal swelling and vaginal prolapse |
| Digestion and absorption depend on? | Surface area of the intestine |
| What structural features increase SA of the intestines? | mucosal folds villi microvilli |
| What primary function does the SI have? | Digestion and absorption of digesta |
| What is the principle function of the colon? | Na+ and Cl- absorption along with passive absorption of water leading to normal solidification of faeces |
| What does irritation to the intestinal mucosa result in? | Increased mucus secretion from goblet cells |
| What kind of inflammatory reaction is an enteritis initially? | catarrhal |
| What effect does enteritis have on villi? | shortening of the villi increased exfoliation of epithelial cells means villus shrinks to accomodate as there are less cells to cover it |
| What exacerbates this increased exfoliation? | necrosis of the surface epithelium of villi |
| What may be the problem with remaining cells covering the villi? | less differentiated deficient in microvilli assume a cuboidal or squamous shape |
| What diseases cause necrosis of villus epithelial cells? | Transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs staphylococcal enterotoxin coccidiosis |
| What happens when there is necrosis of villus epithelial cells? | increased mitosis of cells to replace lost epithelium leading to hyperplasia in the crypts |
| Which diseases cause necrosis of epithelium in the crypts? | parvo Infectious feline enteritis |
| What happens when there is epithelial necrosis of crypt cells? | villi become denuded of epithelium due to failure in renewing exfoliated cells |
| Summarize the two main reasons villi become stunted with enteritis | 1. a deficiency in epithelial cells to cover the villi 2. villi attempt to keep themselves covered by the smaller number of epithelial cells by shrinking |
| What do changes in the intestinal mucosa lead to? | maldigestion malabsorption |
| Aside from malabsorption, what else can cause loss of protein, water and electrolytes? | inflammatory exudate |
| what are two consequences of enteritis? | diarrhoea acidosis due to loss of bicarbonate |
| What else can enteritis cause changes to? | movement of food down intestine |
| what change in the peristaltic way can give rise to _____ | strong contractions colic |
| 2 clinical signs of malabsorption and maldigestion? | chronic diarrhoea weight loss |
| What is maldigestion commonly caused by? | exocrine pancreatic insufficiency |
| malabsoprtion aoocurs as a result of? | small intestinal disease with generalised mucosal involvement |
| What test could help you diagnose a malabsorption/digestion syndrome? | plasma protein albumin concentration |
| Why may albumin be decreased? | decreased supply of aa so decreased albumin production by the liver |
| What 4 things may cause a protein losing enteropathy? | Small bowel disease Johnes lymphoma parasitism (anything causing inflammation really) |
| Why may you test Vit B12/folate? | To check for malabsorption- will be decreased in EPI, chronic enteritis, neoplasia |
| What sample so you take to test vitamin B12 and folate? | serum |
| What other lab signs may you find in an animal with chronic GI disease? | hypoproteinaemia anaemia eosinophilia |
| What is typilitis? | Inflammation of the caecun |
| What disease is characterised by a primary colitis? | Swine dysentery |
| What does dysentery mean? | mucus and blood in watery faeces |
| What may cause a chronic enterocolitis? | parasitism Bacterial infection |
| compare chronic enteritis to chronic colitis | -villi also stunted- less differentiated and fewer microvilli -digestion and absorption compromised - |
| What causes chronic ileitis? and what kind of inflammation is it? | Johnes granulomatous |
| At what age does rotavirus affect animals? | first two weeks of life |
| What does rotavirus cause? | necrosis of surface epithelium villi and consequent villus atrophy |
| How do you diagnose rotavirus? | ELISA on faeces |
| At what age does coronavirus infect animals? | young, but old are susceptible too |
| What does coronavirus cause? | necrosis of surface epithelium with severe atrophy of villi |
| Which coronavirus has 100% mortality and which species does it infect? | Transmissible gastroenteritis pigs |
| How do you diagnose coronavirus? | ELISA test in faeces |
| How does FIP arise? | Mutation of enteric coronavirus located in macrophages |
| FIP virus lives lives inside and controls which cells? | macrophages |
| Where do FIP infected macrophages attack? | veins in serous membranes |
| what do FIP infected macrophages cause? (hint: there are two forms of FIP) | Hypersensitivity type 3 reaction and vasculitis resulting in exudation (wet form) or delayed type 4 hypersensitivity reaction causing pyogranulomas (dry form) |
| Can you distinguish histiolocigcally between the two forms of FIP? | no |
| histiological lesions? | Perivascular pyogranuloma and vasculitis non-supperative meningitis uveitis keratitis |
| Name 5 gross lesions of Parvo | 1.patchy hypermia of serosal tissue 2. fibrin strands in abdomen 3. blood tinged fluid contents in SI 4. oedema of intestinal wall 5. Empty GI tract |
| Where does parvovirus replicate? and what does it cause? | epithelial cells of the small intestinal crypts necrosis collapse of mucosa with crypt abscesses |
| What does necrosis of the villus epithelium in parvo puppies cause? | severe atrophy and near denudation of villi |
| What are parvo animals susceptible to? | secondary infections gaining entery from damaged intestine |
| What form of parvo is very rare now? | myocarditis |
| What does distemper cause? | bleeding into the intestine |
| Hog cholera- whats another name? | Classical swine fever |
| What gross lesions does CSF cause? | Haemorrhages in LNs and kidney Splenic infarcts Enteritis button ulcers in caecum and colon |
| What disease has similar intestinal lesions to CSF? | salmonella |
| Important pathogenic strains of E.coli in pigs and ruminants? | pigs=k88 ruminants=k99 |
| Name the 5 pathogenic strains of E.coli | Entero- toxogenic pathogenic invasive enterohaemorrgagic and verotoxic |
| What do enterotoxogenic strains cause? | mild enteritis with slight hyperemia and watery contents post weaning diarrhoea in pigs |
| What do enteropathogenic stains cause? | damage to enterocytes and vascular endothelial cells |
| What do enterohaemorrhagic forms cause? | haemorrhagic enteritis |
| What do vertoxic strains cause? | oedema disease |
| What predisposes to oedema disease? | stress |
| Who does oedema disease effect? | recently weaned piglets |
| Why do pigs infected with verotoxic E.coli get oedema? | due to endothelial damage |
| What else may you see in oedema disease? | Nervous CS encephalomalacia |
| What are Slamonella infection associated with? Give examples | Stress Transportation starvation changes in feed over crowding surgery/anaesthesia pregnancy |
| What age group does salmoneela affcet? | young |
| Salmonella in horses causes? | fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis pneumonia polyarthritis septicaemia |
| salmonella in older horses causes? | acute or chronic fibronecrotic typhlocolitis |
| In calves salmonella causes? | enteritis and septicemia |
| In older cattle salmonella causes? | fibronectrotic enteritis, colitis or typhilitis |
| In sheep, S.brandenburg causes? | abortion and fibronecrotic enteritis |
| In pigs, S.typhimurium causes? | chronic or acute enterocolitis |
| In pigs, S.choleraesius causes? | enteritis DIC Septiceamia Button ulcers in colon |
| Describe the histologic lesion of enteric listeriosis | colonies of bacteria and aggregates of neutrophils on the superficial mucosa and on the surface of necrotic debris |
| What predisposes to yersinia? | nutritional stress |
| Who does the disease most commonly affect? | weaner deer and goats |
| What are the gross lesions of yersinia? | marked haemorrhagic gastroenteritis Mesenteric LN congested and swollen |
| What gross lesions do you see in calves, lambs and goats? | Slightly reddened intestines lesions milder than in deer |
| How do you diagnose yersinia? | histopathology |
| What do you see on histopathology of yersinia? | colonies of gram -ve bacteria and aggregates of neutrophils on the superficial mucosa |
| What bacteria causes Johnes? | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis |
| Who does Johnes affect? | older sheep, cattle and goats young deer |
| What do clinically affected cattle present with? | severe diarrhoea and wasting |
| Gross lesions of Johnes? | granulomatous lymphangitis granulomatous lymphadenitis of ileocal LNs cerebriform pattern of intestines Thickening of the ileum may get small granulomatous foci throughout the liver |
| Where do intestinal lesions tend to be centered? | ileum, proximal caecum and colon (but can involve entire SI) |
| What are histiological lesions of Johnes characterized by? | accumulations of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells |
| What does a Ziehl-Neelson stain reveal in an animal with Johnes? | large numbers of acid fast organisms |
| how do you diagnose Johnes? | faecal smear |
| What disease does lawsonia intracellularis infection cause? | Porcine proliferative eteropathy |
| What are the three forms of PPE? | Porcine intestinal adenomatosis necrotic enteritis Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy |
| Where do lawsonia lesions tend to be centered? | ileum |
| What lesion do you see with the adenomatosis form? | Hyperplasia of infected epithelial cells in crypts and glands thickened mucosa-cerebriform pattern |
| What may PIA be complicated by? | nectrotic enteritis |
| How do you diagnose Lawsonia infection? | Histology- evidence of intracellular |
| What is the disease name of spirochaetal colitis in pigs? | swine dysentery |
| What organ does swine dysentery affect? | colon |
| What do pigs with swine dysentery present with? | diarrhoea with blood, mucus or fibrin in the faeces |
| Where does the bacteria invade and what does it do? | epithelial cells of the colonic mucosa necrosis and haemorrhage |
| How do you diagnose swine dysentery? | warthrin-starry staining |
| What does Rhodococcus equi cause in foals? | pyogranulomatous pneumonia ulcerative typhlocolitis- ulcers may be covered by purulent or necrotic debris oedema in mesenteric LNs |
| Where are rhodococcus equi bacteria normally found? | intestinal flora of horses |
| how do you diagnose? what do you see? | Histology pyogranulomatous inflammation and abundent gram +ve bacteria |
| What do clostridial perfringes infections cause? | extensive haemorrhagic enteritis |
| Who do enteric clostridial infections affect? | lambs, calves and foals up to 14 days old dogs sporadically |
| What happens if does get enteric clostridial disease? | haemorrhagic gastroenteritis Die |
| How do you confirm a diagnosis? | Histo |
| What are DDX of enteric clostridial infections in dogs? what do all of these have in common? | parvo canine hepatitis warfrin toxicity cause enterorrhagia (bleeding into the intestine) |
| What disease is caused by clostridium piliforme? | Tyzzers disease |
| What is Tyzzers disease characterized by? | necrotic hepatitis and occassionally enterocolitis |
| What two protozoal species cause coccidiosis? | Eimera Isopora |
| What age group does coccidiosis affect? | young |
| What do stages of the protozoa do int he animal? | destroy epithelial cells in the intestine |
| How do animals with coccidoiosis present? | diarrhoea dehydration acidosis |
| How do you diagnose coccidia? | Intestinal scraping or histo Find schizonts or oocysts in the faeces or in lesions |
| What does E.zurenii cause in cattle? | haemorrhagic typhocolitis and procitis |
| What is the name of the disease cause by E.zuernii? | red dysentery |
| What does E.bovis cause? | ileitis |
| What does isopora cause in pigs? | mild enteritis |
| Which cells do cryptosporidia attack? | epithelial cells of the SI villi |
| how doe cryptosporidium present? and in which animals/age group? | acute diarrhoea lambs, kids, foals |
| What worm lives in the large intestine of cattle and pigs? | Oesophagostomum |
| Which worms live in the SI of cattle? | Cooperia Trichostrongylus Nematodirus Moniezia |
| What worm lives in teh SI of sheep? | Nematodirus |
| What worm lives in the SI of pigs? | Ascaris suum |
| What worm lives in teh caecum of pigs? | Trichuris suis |
| Which 2 worms live in the SI of horses? | parascaris equorum, strongyloides |
| What 3 worms live in the LI of horses? | Strongyles Cyanthostomins Oxyuris equi |
| What worms do you see in the SI of dogs and cats? | Toxocara canis/cati Ucinaria stenocephala Ancylostoma canium |
| What worm do you see in the LI of dogs/cats? | Trichuris vulpis |
| Which species do you most commonly see small intestinal carcinomas in? | Sheep |
| What is the gross appearance of small intestinal carcinomas? | firm masses |
| Why are they firm? | induce marked fibrosis |
| What age category do they affect? | 5+ |
| Which breed are small intestinal carcinomas more prevelant in? | english breeds |
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