Muscular Systems

Frage	Antworten
What term refers to a smooth, sustained contraction?	complete tetanus
What type of exercise causes increase in muscle size?	resistance excercise
What term refers to the movable attachment of a muscle?	insertion
Which layer of connective tissue surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber?	endomysium
There are three types of muscle tissue. Which of the following is classified as part of the muscular system?	all skeletal muscles
What initiates an action potential on a muscle cell?	acetylcholine binding to receptors on the sarcolemma within the neuromuscular junction
What mineral is released within muscle cells to trigger contraction?	Calcium
What is the function of creatine phosphate?	directly regenerates ATP from ADP within a muscle cell
Which of these sets of terms is NOT a pair of opposites? A.) dorsiflexion and plantar flexion B.) pronation and supination C.) inversion and eversion D.) opposition and supposition	opposition and supposition
What metabolic waste accumulates in muscle with excessive exertion?	lactic acid
Which of these characteristics applies only to cardiac muscle tissue	intercalated discs
The majority of the fibers of the gluteus maximus insert onto the __________.	ileotibial tract
The gluteus maximus is the most powerful muscle during __________.	extension
The two heads of the biceps brachii combine to insert on the __________.	radial tuberosity
Which of these muscles is located in the neck?	sternocleidomastoid
The cross bridge cycle is a series of molecular events that occur after excitation of the sarcolemma. What is a cross bridge?	A myosin head bound to actin
What structure is the functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber?	the sarcomere
Calcium ions couple excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber. Where are calcium ions stored within the fiber?	Calcium ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
After a power stroke, the myosin head must detach from actin before another power stroke can occur. What causes cross bridge detachment?	ATP binds to myosin head The binding of ATP to the myosin head weakens the bond between myosin and actin, forcing the myosin head to detach. ATP also provides the energy for the next power stroke.
How does the myosin head obtain the energy required for activation?	The energy comes from the hydrolysis of ATP. Myosin is a large, complex protein with a binding site for actin. It also contains an ATPase. The energy released during the hydrolysis of ATP activates the myosin head.
What specific event triggers the uncovering of the myosin binding site on actin?	Calcium ions bond to troponin and change its shape. The shape change caused by the binding of calcium to troponin shifts tropomyosin away from the myosin binding sites on actin.
When does cross bridge cycling end?	Cross bridge cycling ends when sufficient calcium has been actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum to allow calcium to unbind from troponin. The sarcoplasmic reticulum contains Ca2+-ATPases that actively transport Ca2+ into the SR. Without Ca2+, troponin returns to its resting shape, and tropomyosin glides over and covers the myosin binding sites on actin.
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is a disease that destroys nerve cells that control skeletal muscle activity. Without neural stimulation, skeletal muscles eventually waste away and mobility is impossible. In other words, skeletal muscles __________.	become atrophied
The deltoid muscle fibers are separated into __________.	anterior, middle and posterior

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