What is the difference in heritability of somatic and genetic mutations?
Give an example of a positive evolutionary trait
What are the three types of mutation?
What is triplet for the start codon?
What mutation causes sickle cell disease? What does this result in?
Give an example of a disease caused by a frameshift mutation
Where do the mutations in Tay-Sachs disease occur? What are the different types of mutations?
What is the most common mutation in Tay-Sachs?
What is B-hexosaminidase A (Hex-A)?
What are the four kinds of chromosomal mutations?
What tends to be the result of an inversion?
When can translocations be beneficial?
What is Cri du chat? What do the mutations tend to be?
What is Di George syndrome? What are the majority of cases?
What are the genes in the 5p important for?
When do most de novo mutations occur?
What is Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT1A)? What causes the majority of cases?
What is XX male syndrome? How is it inherited?
What is non-disjunction
Why do bananas require clonal propagation?
What happens to human triploid babies?
What are the four causes of non-heritable mutations?
Give four examples of chemicals which may cause mutations
Give two examples of infectious agents which may cause mutations
Describe the mutation rate associated with H. pylori.
Describe the two hit theory
How many spontaneous mutations happen everyday in the body?
What are the stages at which spontaneous mutations can occur?
In eukaryotes what is the spontaneous mutation rate?
What is a mutagen?
What effect do mutagens have on the number of mistakes made per gene?
What are the three classes of mutagens? Give examples.
What are the three ways by which spontaneous mutations can occur?
What is depurination?
What is deamination? What are the two forms?
What is a tautomeric shift?
What three things contribute to replication errors?
What are the repair systems in place to protect against the processes on the previous card?
What contributes to spontaneous DNA damage? What in turn does spontaneous DNA damage contribute to?
How can spontaneous DNA damage be corrected? How can spontaneous DNA damage lead to mutations?
What is sanitisation usually?
When is repair most effective?
What type of action does radiation have?
Describe the direct action of radiation
What happens to adjacent pyrimidines if the backbone is broken? What does this result in?
Describe the indirect action of radiation
How many deaths are estimated to occur due to smoking related cancer and other neoplasms?
How many carcinogens are there in a cigarette?
What do the carcinogens in a cigarette cause?
List some of the toxins in a cigarette
