Nephrology Review

Causes of Yellow urine color

Causes Green color Urine

Causes Milky white urine

Causes Blue Urine

Causes Black/brown urine

Causes orange urine color

Causes Port wine color urine
(deep purple)

Define Hematuria
(false +/- dipstick causes)

Suggests Glomerular Hematuria

Pseudo-Hematuria
(dipstick for heme)

pseudo-hematuria
(dipstick heme positive)

Define Pyruia

Causes of Sterile Pyruia

Define GFR

limitations to using Cre to estimate GFR

24 U CrCL

Microalbuminuria
(nl excrete 1g Cre/d)

Urinary proteins include

Dipstick detected proteinuria

Proteinuria risk factor for...

Orthostatic Proteinuria

Essential HTN

Essential HTN

When it is okay to start two meds in HTN?

BP goal with CRF, DM, CAD

BP goal in CRF and urine pro/cre>1mg/mg

patient with white coat HTN

lifestyle changes for HTN

white coat HTN

Nocturnal BP and non-dippers

Essential HTN workup

isolated Systolic HTN

resistant HTN

Resistant HTN

Secondary HTN

Causes of Secondary HTN

OSA related CV effects

OCP hypertension

Coarctation of Aorta

Pheochromocytoma (clinical manifestations)

Pheochromocytoma Associations

Pheochromocytoma (Clinical Pearls)

Other diseases Associated with Pheo

Phemochomocytoma (diagnosis)

Pheochromocytoma Treatment

Pheochromocyoma HTN emergency

Pheochromocytoma mimicking disease

HTN + Hypokalemia

primary hyperaldo causes

When to scree for Primary Hyperaldo?

Primary Hyperaldo Diagosis

Primary hyperaldo (clinical features)

Primary Hyperaldo (treatment)

Fibromuscular Dz

FMD features

FMD treatment

Gene defects of HTN

GC responsive Hyperaldo

Apparent MC excess

Apparent MC excess presentation and treatment

Progesterone induced HTN

Liddle Syndrome

liddle syndrome presentation

Liddle syndrome treatment

Gordon syndrome

gordon Syndrome tx

HTN emergency

HTN emergency tx

HTN emergency- Stroke

Cyanide Toxicity (nipride)

when to do a renal Bx?

Relative contraindications to renal Bx

Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic Syndrome causes

Nephrotic syndrome complications

Nephrotic syndrome Treatment

MCD under microscope

MCD associations

MCD tx

FSGS under scope

Primary FSGS

Five variants of FSGS

Treatment of FSGS

What type of FSGS commonly relapses after transplant?

what enzyme in FSGS indicates it is idopathic, causes foot process effacement, and predicts recurrence after transplant?

Causes of Secondary FSGS

Features of obesity induced FSGS

Risk factors for progression of Diabetic Nephropathy

How often do you check Micoalbuminuria after Dx of DM1 + 2

How do medications change as kidney disease progresses in DM

Prevention of DM nephropathy

Membranous Nephropathy is seen most in which population

What is seen under the Microscope with Membranous Nephropathy

Do you screen for malignancy in MN

MN associations

treatment of MN

Multiple Myeloma Cast Nephropathy

what light chain seen most with Multiple Myeloma cast nephropathy

other causes of Renal injury in patient with Multiple Myeloma

Clinical Dx of MM renal failure

tx of MM RF

Systemic Amyloid all have the following

Sources of Amyloid proteins

Presentation of primary Amyloidosis

Dx of amyloid

tx of amyloid

Describe Monoclonal IG depostion disease (LCDD and HCDD)

Bx in LCDD and HCDD

tx of HCDD and LCDD

basic points about Fibrillary GN

basic facts on Immunotactoid GN

HIV related Renal d/o

HIVAN clinical manifestations

tx of HIVAN

HAART related nephropathy

HIV and the kidney

Benign familial hematuria on Bx

Most common GN in the world

s/s of IgA nephropathy

renal Bx of IGA nephropathy

IgA nephropathy associations

poor prognostic factors of IgA nephropathy

tx IgA nephropathy

Henock Schonlein Purpura

tetrad of HSP

complication of HSP

RPGN clincally

RPGN on staining

Good pastures renal Bx and lab Dx

treatment good pastures's

anti GBM seen in what disease after transplant

Clinical picture of Wegner's

IF patterns that give ANCA's their names

tx of wegner's and Microscopic Polyangitis

If on a random test a patient is ANCA postive what do you do?

ANCA serology associations

define polyarteritis nodosa

clinical picture of Polyarteritis Nodosa

Dx polyarteritis nodosa

Tx PAN

Antiphospholipid AB clinically

Drug induced lupus key points

Churg strauss clinical picture

treatment Churg strauss

Basics Post infectious GN

Renal Bx of Postinfectious GN

Renal failure and low complement

Hep C glomerular lesions

Cryglobulinemia

Cryoglobulinemia clincally

Cryo tx

MPGN renal pathology

MPGN 2 acquired form

MPGN2 familial form

Hep B renal manifestations

Hep B treatment

Lead toxicity, what do you see?

tx lead toxicity

Cadmium toxicity buzz words

Arsenic posining buzz words

Mercury poisoning buzz words

Star fruit kidney injury

Ephedra affect on kidney

Blue Cohosh

Noni Juice

Licorice poisoning

St. John's wart

Grapefruit juice

Melamine

Causes of AIN

AIN presentation

AIN tx

tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome

TINU renal findings

Renal Manifestations of Sjogren's

Lithium nephrotoxicity (not acute, chronic cause)

Sarcoid renal involvement

Sarcoid renal presentation

AKI definition

ATN findings

Fe NA

what does Fe Na tell us

Fe Mg tells us what

Fe PO4 tells us what

Fe of Bicarb tells us what

ATN causes

Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity

Risk factors for Aminoglycoside nephrotoxiciy

Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity renal presentation

Ampho B nephrotoxic presentation

Ampho B nephrotoxicity prevention

Cisplatinum nephrotoxin clinical picture

Cisplatinum RF and Prevention

Cisplatinum nephrotox tx

foscarnet nephrotoxicity

Cidofovir nephrotoxicity

Pentamadine renal picture

Rabdo on labs

Rhabdo causes

Rabdo tx

Tumor Lysis syndromes

Clinical points on Tumor lysis syndrome

Tx of tumor lysis syndrome

NSAID renal effects

Define Hepatorenal syndrome

HRS pathogensis

Tx options of HRS

define abdominal compartment sydrome

another cause of sterile pyuria

Papillary Necrosis Causes

Sickle Cell disease renal manifestations

Sickle Cell nephropathy treatment points

Types of stones

Medication induced stones

Dx and Tx of Kidney stones

Indications for stone removal

Calcium Oxalate stone risk factors

Ca oxalate stones treatment

Ca oxalate stones

Uric Acid stone overview

Uric Acid stone Associations

Uric Acid stone treatment

uric acid stone

staghorn calculi causes

Staghorn calculi from stuvite crystal

Staghorn calculi tx

Cystine stones general

Cystine stones dx

Cystinuria treatment

SE of Penicillamine

Captopril SE

Cystinosis basics

Dx cystinosis

Tx of cystinosis

Dent's disease basics

How do you treat Dent's disease

Dx DI (C/N)

Changes in Pregnancy

DI treatments (C/N)

What do you give for SLE flare in preg

Hypokalemia causes based on spot U. K

How do you define preexiting HTN in pregnancy

Causes of Hypokalemia

Gestational hypertension

pseudohypokalemia define

Pre-eclampsia clinical diagnosis

Cause of cellular shifts in hypokalemia

pre-eclampsia risk factors

hypokalemic periodic paralysis define

Pre-eclampsia renal bx

Hypokalemia via renal loss causes

HELLP syndrome

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy

pHUS and TTP

Antihypertensive medications safe in preg

TTP clinical pentad

TTP etiologies

TTP tx

Most solid renal mass

renal cysts that need interevention?

Tuberous sclerosis

VHL buzz words

Acquired renal cystic disease

alport's syndrome clinical presenation

renal bx of alport's

hypertensive Nephrosclerosis

contrast nephrotoxicity

contrast nephrotoxicity risk factors

Fabry's disease basics

Fabry's disease clinical manifestations

Fabry's disease renal manifestations

Fabry's disease Bx

Fabry's disease Dx

Fabry's disease Tx

nail patella syndrome

Causes of Nephromegaly

Hyponatremia workup

SIADH lab abnormalities

SIADH tx

cerebral salt wasting and hyponatremia

Hyponatremia due adrenal insuff

Exercise induced Hyponatremia

Ecstasy and Hyponatremia

Polyuria definition and causes

primary polydipsia causes

causes of central DI

Nephrogenic DI causes

Treatment of DI (C/N)

Hypokalemia cause based on U. K

Causes of Hypokalemia

Explain pseudohypokalemia

Hypokalemia- causes of cellular shifts

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis define

Causes of Renal loss of K

Causes of Hyperkalemia

Causes of pseudohyperkalemia

increased intake causing hyperkalemia

increased intake causing hyperkalemia

Cellular shifts causing hyperkalemia

Impaired renal excretion causing hyperkalemia

Hyperkalemia tx

Hyperkalemia EKG progression

Anion gap normal and adjusted

Delta AG/delta HCO3: if you have an AG metabolic acidosis

Is the primary metabolic acidosis compensated for?

Is the primary metabolic alkalosis compensated for?

Is the respiratory Acidosis compensated for?

Is the respiratory alkalosis compensated for?

what should you always order if there is an acid base disturbance

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

Urine electrolytes affected in Metabolic alkalosis

U Cl > 40meq/L tells causes of metabolic alkalosis

U Cl < 25meq/L tells causes of metabolic alkalosis

Bartter's syndrome Basics

Gitelman's syndrome Basics

Gitelman's syndrome Basics

Causes of elevated AG

Normal AG hyperchloremic MA

Normal AGMA: how to tell GI v Renal

RTA type 1 basics

RTA type 1 cause

Dx distal RTA type 1

Distal RTA clinically

Proximal RTA 2 basics

Causes of Proximal RTA type 2

Dx of type 2 proximal RTA

Type 4 RTA basics

Type 4 RTA basics

Type 4 RTA dx

Causes of type 4 RTA

Salicylate intoxication clinically

Tx of Salicylate intoxication

Methanol intoxication

Dx Methanol intox

tx methanol intoxication

Ethylene glycol intox basics

Dx ethylene glycol intoxication

tx ethylene glycol intoxication

Isopropyl alcohol overdose

propylene glycol tox basics

Diethylene glycol toxicity buzz words

Valproic acid toxicity clinically

Metformin toxicity

Causes of elevated osmo gap

Causes of Hypocalcemia

Hypercalcemia S/S

Hypercalcemia work up

Hypercalcemia tx

Causes of hypophosphatemia

hyphosphatemia work up

Causes of hyperphosphatemia

renal osteodystrophy- osteitis fibrosa cystica

renal osteodystrophy- adynamic bone disease

Renal osteodystrophy- osteomalacia

Hypomagnesemia diagnostic approach

Hypomagnesemia S/S

Hypomagnesemia causes

Hypomagnesemia renal losses

Causes of hypermagnesemia

Hyper mag s/s

tx hypermagnesemia

Peritonitis in PD patient

Peritonitis in PD patient bugs and tx

PD exit site infection bugs

PD general points

PD more general points

Bladder Ca types and risk factors

Complications of CKD