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What is Biology the study of?
What are the (7) characteristics of living organisms?
What do all cells have in common? (plasma membrane, etc)
What is the structural levels in the biological organization (from atom to an organism).
What is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life- an organism’s basic unit of structure and function?
Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
What is the heritable genetic material of organisms? What are Genes?
What are the three domains of life and their characteristics? Which consists of prokaryotes? Eukaryotes? Which domain does each of the following belong to Plants? Archaea? Animals? Bacteria, Fungi? Protists?
Evolution is Biology’s core theme. What is evolution?
Who was the founder of modern Evolutionary Biology?
What type of variation is heritable?
What causes Genetic variation?
What is Natural selection?
What are the (6) steps in the scientific method?
How is a hypothesis different from a theory?
What is the definition of Matter?
What is the definition of an Element?
Identify the 4 elements that makeup 96% of living matter?
What is an atom and what are the three subatomic particles?
Compare and contrast protons, neutrons, and electrons in terms of 1) Location, Mass, Charge, and other important information.
Which subatomic particle is involved in chemical reactions?
Define Atomic number
Define Atomic mass.
Using a periodic table, be able to determine the atomic number, atomic mass, number of protons, neutrons and electrons.
What information can you get if you just know the atomic number of an element?
What is an Isotope?
Explain how two isotopes of an element are similar. Explain how they are different?
Describe a few applications that use radioactive isotopes.
Electrons occur in energy levels called electron shells. Know how many electrons each shell can hold. What is the octet rule?
What are valence electrons?
The chemical behavior of an atom is mostly determined by the ____________ electrons.
Given an atoms atomic number & mass number, know which one to use and how to determine how many valence electrons.
Atoms whose outer (valence) shell is full are stable are unreactive-these atoms do not form bonds, they are chemically _______.
Hydrogen Bond
Types of Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bond
Polar Bond
Non-Polar Bond
Ionic Bond
What are Ions? Cations? Anions?
What kind of bond holds together the atoms in H2? H2O? O2? NaCl?
Chemical reactions are the making and breaking of chemical bonds. The starting molecules of a chemical reaction are called _______________. The final molecules of a chemical reaction are called _______________.
Water: All living organisms require water more than any other substance most cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about 70–95%Water. Explain why water molecules are polar and capable of hydrogen bonding with neighboring water molecules?
Distinguish between a solute, a solvent, and solution.
Substances that dissolve in water are __________ or “water-loving” These substances include polar molecules, acids, bases & ionic compounds.
Substances that do not dissolve in water are ______________-water hating (oils)
pH: The molar concentration of hydrogen ions, [H+], in a solution: pH = ________________
The pH is a ___________ (linear/log) scale and goes from 0-14, with 0 being most_____________ (acidic/basic) and 14 the most (acidic/basic).
The lower the pH, the _________ the [H+] in that solution.
For example, a solution with a pH of 2 has ______ more H+ than a solution with a pH of 3.
Given the pH of a solution, be able to determine hydrogen ion concentration [ H+] . Likewise if given the[ H+], be able to determine the pH.
The pH is 4, what is the hydrogen ion concentration? Concentration of OH - ?
What is an acid?
What is a base?
What is a neutral solution?
Buffers are substances that __________ changes in concentrations of H+ and OH– in a solution. Most buffers consist of an ____________ pair that can donate or accept H+ ions. Hence, buffers resist changes in the pH of a solution when an acid or base are added to the solution, helps maintain a relatively constant pH. Buffers accept (mop up) hydrogen ions from the solution when they are in excess. Buffers donate hydrogen ions when they have been depleted.
What is a condensation (dehydration) reaction. What is a hydrolysis reaction?. Which reaction adds water to break bonds? Which reaction removes water to make bonds?
There are 4 major classes of macromolecules. What are they?
Distinguish between monomers and polymers.
Carbohydrates: Their building blocks, 5 functions.
Proteins: Their building Blocks and 5 functions.
Lipids: Their Building Blocks and 5 functions.
Nucleic Acids: Their building blocks and 5 functions.
Lipids: Lipids are a diverse group of ______________ molecules. Lipids are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers-The unifying feature of lipids is having little or no affinity for _____________. Lipids are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form__________ covalent bonds. The most biologically important lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
Phospholipids consist of ___ fatty acids and a ______ group is attached to glycerol. The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a _______ head.
Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of ___ fused rings. Cholesterol, an important steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes and is a precursor for steroid hormones such as _______ and __________. High levels of cholesterol in the blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease. Be able to recognize the structure of fats, phospholipids, and steroids. What are the biological functions of fats, phospholipids, and steroids?
