Addiction - AO2

Biological Approach - Smoking
Calvert - ex smokers, looking at a packet of cigarettes increased activity in the NAcc leading to cravings

Biological Approach - Gambling
Slutske - concordance rates of MZ and DZ twins and found the concordance for MZ twins was twice as high than for DZ

General Evaluation
Individual Differences - some people are more vulnerable to an addiction than others

Learning Approach - Smoking
NIDA - 90% of US smokers started as adolescents (due to imitation of peers)

Learning Approach - Smoking
Snow and Bruce - self report study of 241 girls that showed continuing to smoke enhanced their social status

Learning Approach - Gambling
Gupta et al - observation of parents taking part in gambling was a significant influence on their children

Learning Approach - Gambling
Marlatt - effective intervention for preventing relapse in cue-exposure treatment (involves coping skills and desensitising high risk situations)

Cognitive Approach - Smoking
Brandon and Baker - evidence to show that people start to smoke because they are bored and think it will raise their mood

Cognitive Approach - Gambling
Griffiths - young problem slot-machine gamblers had greater belief in the role of skill in gambling compared to non-gamblers

General Evaluation
Effective Therapies - cognitive approach has developed therapies such as CBT

Risk Factors - Stress
NIDA - found that people report they smoke, drink, gamble etc to cope with daily hassles

Risk Factors - Peers
Bricker et al - longitudinal study of 6006 ppts in the USA between 10-17 years old and found peer smoking was most influential in their first try of smoking

Risk Factors - Age
Fidler et al - longitudinal study of 6000 adolescents, those who tried a cigarette by the age of 11 were twice as likely to smoke by the age of 14

Risk Factors - Personality
Gossop and Eysenck - surveyed over 200 poly drug addicts using a personality questionnaire and found a significant association with neuroticism/psychoticism and addiction

Role of Media - Film and TV
Sargent and Hanewinkel - 4384 adolescents aged 11-15 were surveyed twice (a year apart), found exposure to smoking in movies was a significant predictor of whether they will be smoking a year later

Role of Media - Changing Behaviour
Johnston et al - US campaigns may have increased cannabis use as people feel they are missing out by not partaking

Theory of Planned Behaviour - Strengths
Very Influential - meta-analyses show that TBP can account for about 60% of peoples behavioural intentions

Theory of Planned Behaviour - Limitations
Too Rational - doesn't account for emotions, compulsions or other irrational behaviours

Biological Interventions - NRT
Silagy et al - meta-analyses have concluded that NRT is effective and people that use it are twice as likely to quit smoking for at least 6 months

Biological Interventions - Buproprion
Jorenby - 150mg of sustained release buproprion taken twice a day has been found to be slightly superior to NRT

Psychological Interventions - Aversion Therapy
Effectiveness - 52% of clients abstained from smoking for 12 months but relapse was more common if returning to a smoking household (70%)

Psychological Interventions - CBT
Effectiveness (Ladoucer et al) - allocated 66 gamblers to either a CBT group or a control group and found 86% that were in the CBT group were no longer classed as pathological gamblers

Public Health Interventions - Smoking Ban
Effectiveness - sales of cigarettes have decreased since the ban (7% in the first month and then 2% annually)

Public Health Intervention - Smoking Ban
Appropriateness (Fowler and Christakis) - smokers who quit successfully tend to give up in groups rather than as isolated individuals

Public Health Interventions - Banning Advertising
Effectiveness (WHO) - bans on advertising is an effective way to reduce smoking, countries that have show an average of 7% reduction in tobacco consumption