Explain why tectonic processes produce a variety of contrasting landscapes

Pre-release

· Explore the varying impact of both volcanic (extrusive and intrusive) and seismic processes on landscapes.

· Research different locations to draw out the importance of tectonic activity in creating contrasting landscapes.

Extrusive landforms

1. 1 Lava plateaus

Explanation of how lava plateaus are formed.

1.1.2 Columbia Plateau, USA links to Yellowstone.
*Draw map*

1.2 Volcanoes

1.2.1 Eruption types

There are different types of eruptions (eight in total).
- Icelandic
-Hawaiian
-Strombolian
-Vulcanian
-Vesuvian
-Plinian
-Pelean
-Katmalan

They can have an effect on the landscape depending on the viscosity of the lava.

1.2.1.1 Basaltic lava
It is also referred to mafic magma. Low silica content (approximately 48% of silica), higher content of Fe and Mg and so this means that it is less viscous. There are two types of basaltic lava: pahoehoe and a'a. Basaltic lava often produces large extrusive landforms but pahoehoe lava produes smooth surfaces and a'a lava which produces fragmented surfaces.

1.2.1.2 Andesitic lava

1.2.1.3 Rholitic lava
High silica content (approximately 60% of silica), higher content of Fe and Mg and so this means that it is more viscous.

1.2.2 Cinder/scoria cones
Explanation of cinder/scoria cones

1.2.2.1 El Jorullo, Mexico
How is it formed?C

1.2.3 Composite/stratovolcanoes
Explanation.

1.2.3.1 Mount Mayon, Philippines
How is it formed? Effect?

1.2.4 Dome volcanoes

1.2.4.1 Chaiten caldera, Michimakuida volcano, Chile

1.2.5 Calderas

1.2.5.1 Yellowstone, Wyoming, USA

1.2.6 Mud volcanoes

1.2.6.1 Mount Lusi, Indonesia (Erupting for 26 years)

1.2.7 Shield volcanoes

1.2.7.1 Mauna Loa, Hawaii (World's most active volcano)

1.3 Minor extrusive activity

· Fumaroles, e.g. Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska

· Geysers, e.g. Old Faithful, California, USA

· Solfataras, Solfatara volcano, Italy

2. Intrusive landforms

Definition.

2.1 Batholith, e.g. Chilean coastal batholith

2.2 Laccolith, e.g. Pine Valley Mountains, Utah, USA

2.3 Dykes, e.g. Mt Calanna, Mt Etna, Italy

2.4 Sills e.g. Whin Sill, UK.

3. 3. How is the landscape affected by seismic activity?

3.1 Faults

What are faults?
Analyse the stress that give rise to faults.

3.1.1 Normal faults
Definition and diagram.

3.1.1.1 Example of normal fault

3.1.2 Reverse fault
Definition and diagram

3.1.2.1 Example of a reverse fault.

3.1.3 Strike-slip fault
Definition and diagram.

3.1.3.1 San Andreas fault
-Northern
-Creeping
-Parkfield
-Central
-Southern

3.2 Rift valley

3.2.1 East African rift valley

3.3 Mountains

3.3.1 Fold mountains

3.3.1.2 The Alps

3.3.2 Block mountains

3.3.2.1 Example

	Created by Bethany. over 10 years ago

Advanced Level (A2) Geography (Tectonic hazards) Note on Tectonic hazard physical impacts, created by Bethany. on 10/19/2013.

Tectonic hazard physical impacts