Flash cards for college level general biology
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-Hierarquia da Vida
Levels of Organization
Emergent Properties
The shared characteristics of life
Major life groups
Charles Darwin and the origin
Natural Selection
2 Causations
2 Methods of exploration
Griffith Experiment
Hershey Chase Experiment
Chargaff's Rule
Watson and Crick
The double helix Model
The structure of DNA is essential to
3 Models for DNA Replication
Meselson and Stahl's Experiments
How does genetic information get from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?
How does genetic information is encoded to produce proteins?
Central Dogma
Transcription and the messenger hypothesis
The genetic code
Chromosome
Chromatin
Sister Chromatids
How many chromosomes do humans have?
Homologues
Mitosis
Meiosis
Cell cycle
Mitosis
Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase: G2
Meiosis I
Crossing over
Meiosis II
Differences between Mitosis and Meosis
Genetic Variation
Independent Assortment of chromosomes
Evolutionary adaptation depends on a populations genetic variation
phenotype=
How do we account for, and predict patterns of inheritance?
Mendels Monohybrid crosses
Particulate Inheritance
1.Unit of Inheritance
2. Each unit for a particular gene
First law of mendel: Law of segregation
What happens when parents differ at 2 or more loci?
Mendel's 2nd experiment
di hybrid crosees
Mendels law of independent assortment
Codominance
Incomplete Dominance
polygenic traits
Evolution
Types of biological change
Evolution
Transformism
Creationism
Descent with modification
Natural Selection
evidence for evolution
Genetic variation in natural populations
p=
q=
Hardy Weinberg Non-evolving Population
1.Allele Frequencies
2.Genotype Frequencies
Microevolutionary Processes
Mutation
Genetic Drift
Bottleneck Effect
Sexual selection
Maintaining genetic variation
Heterozygote Advantage
The biological species concept
1. Anagenesis
2.Cladogenesis
How do new species arise?
Allopatric Speciation
Sympatric Speciation
Parapatric Speciation
Factors influencing speciation rates
phylogenetic trees
Homology
Primitive Characters
Derived Characters
Homoplasia
convergent evolution
Parallel Evolution
Traits used in reconstructing phylogenies
Advantage of molecular data
Maximum parsimony(cladistic analysis)
Neutral mutations vs no neutral mutations
synonymous vs non-syn subsititutions
The neutral theory of molecular evolution
Origin of genes
Genome Organization
The Earth is very old
Changes in the Earth environment
Patterns in the fossil record
3 major evolutionary fauna
Origin of life
4 Major stages for the origin of life
Monomers
1.Amino Acids
2.Nucleotides
Origin of protbionts
Origin of self replicating molecules: RNA
Viruses
Shared characteristics of 3 life domains
Each domain has distinct features
1.Photosynthetic aerobes->chloroplasts->
2.Photobacteria->mitochondria->
3.Methanogenes, Thremophiles ->ancestral eukaryote ->
Critical role of prokaryotes in the biosphere
The prokaryotic cell
Conjugation
structural and functional adaptations of prokaryotes
Protobacteria
Cyanobacteria
Other types of bacteria
Archea unique characteristics
Threats and utility of prokaryotes
Early origin of eukaryotes
Distinguishing features of eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cell (compartmentalized cell)
Protists
Endosymbiosis
Plants
Terrestrial adaptations of plants
Bryophytes
vascular plants
Main characteristics of modern vascular plants
Homosporous
heterosporous
Evolution of seed plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Advantages of a seed
Systematics
Features of Fungi
Absorptive Nutrition
Fungi specialized to grow and spread
Fungi Nutrition
Heterokaryotic Stage
Fungi Ecology
What caused diversification?
Main characteristics of animals
3 major stages in animal development
Embryonic tissues
4 characteristics that can be used to classify organisms
Annelida
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Mollusca
Nematoda
Arthropoda
General evolutionary trends
Echinodermata
Chordata
Chordates
