Environmental Science 101 Final Exam

minerals

rocks

Ores

Clean air is 78%

Clean are is 21%

Clean air is 0.93%

Clean air is 0.03 to 0.04%

Two sources of pollutants

Major classes of pollutants

Primary category of atmospheric transformation

Secondary category of atmospheric transformation

Examples of Second category of atmospheric transformations

examples of simple dissolutions in water

example of UV power splitting

examples of oxidations

examples of exotic combinations

PANs

Types of Smog

Industrial Smog

Photochemical Smog (photo means it needs UV to create it)

Effects of topography and cities

Temperature (thermal) inversions

Urban Heat Islands

Dust Domes

Pollution effect on humans

Effect of clean air act (since 1970)

Dirtiest US cities

Cost to clean up particulates

Cost to clean up sulfur oxides

Cost to clean up NOx

Cost to clean up CO2

Forests replanted for commercial harvest have

Monocultures

Ecologically sustainable forest management

When logging occurs

Wildlife corridors

Green wood

Selective Cutting

Uneven-aged management

Selective cutting has been argued to

Shelterwood cutting

Harvests of shelterwood cutting

Seed tree cutting

Clearcutting

Which type of cutting has less negative impact on forests (like soil erosion and reduced leaching losses of nutrients), but not as economically profitable in short term

Strip cutting

Deforestation

Deforestation causes

Tropical Forests

Boreal forests

Reasons to preserve biodiversity

Main reasons for species endangerment

Habitat loss

Exotic Invaders

Pollution examples (SE)

Bellweather or sentinel species

Overexploitation (SE)

How to help biodiversity

Problems with reintroductions and recovery of small populations (Allee effects)

High grade ores

Low grade ores

Metallic minerals

Nonmetallic minerals

Mineral reserves

Mineral resources

Total resources or world reserve base

Steps to convert mineral deposit into a usable product

If deposit is near the surface, it is extracted

Subsurface mines (shaft mines or slope mines)

Smelting

Idea behind smelting

Any form of mineral extraction and processing has

Acid mine drainage

Mineral processing can cause

Tailings

Toxic materials that leach into the environment from tailings

Dead Zone

Derelict Lands

Land reclamation

Phytromediation

Hyperaccumulators

HDCs consume

HDC's rely on

Life Indices

Biomining Techniques

Substitution and conservation

Manufacturing industries

Reuse

Recycling

Reuse and recycling cause

Danes law

Eleven US states

Sustainable manufacturing

Dematerialization

Industrial Ecology

CO2 concentrations have been

Average global temperature has

For earth's temperature to equilibrate

CO2 intercepts

CO2 has changed from 288 ppm to

Methane has changed from 848 ppb

Nitrous oxide has changed from 285 ppb to

CFCs have changed from 0 to

Global warming model predictions

Global Dimming

Extend of global dimming

Two causes for global dimming

Role of particles and clouds documented by a $25 million study in

Role of pollution particles as condensation nuclei documented after 9/11 when all aircraft were grounded

Problems with global dimming

Changes in rainfall patterns from global dimming

Masking global warming during global dimming

The project doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentrations will occur in

As CO2 concentrations increase, photosynthesis rates will

cellulose and lignine are more difficult to

High CO2 grown plant tissues are generally

Sap sucking aphids reproduced 10% to 15%

Ruminant animals (sheep and cows) rely on

Microbial fermentation of plant tissue is

An increase in CO2 forces ruminants to

Plants with nitrogen fixing symbionts (legumes) may

The ozone layer in the stratospere helps to

Tropospheric ozone does

Ozone (O3)

The energy carried by a photon is inversely related to

UV-B photons are more energetic and destructive than

UV-B photons can cause

UV-A photons cannot

The total amount of ozone in the stratosphere is

Large ozone holds develop over

CFCs are responsible for

key molecular features that allow CFCs to be ozone destroyers

Each atom of Cl in the stratosphere can help the

Additional compounds that also attack ozone include

One bromine atom destroys more Os than

Circumpolar vortex

In humans, excessive exposure to UV radiation causes

increased levels of UV radiation may disrupt

Plants who suffer about 1% decline in productivity

Montreal Protocol

From the Montreal Protocol, countries stop producing dangerous gases besides two

Elimination of CFCs was largely achieved through substiturion with other compounds such as

HFCs

HCFCs

Terpenes

Human's balanced diet

Undernourished

malnourished

Marasmus

Kwashiorkor

overnourished

two regions of the world with greatest food insecurity

Famines

World grain carryover stocks

Food security

minimum days needed for carryover stocks to last

Cold blooded animals need

Mammals need

Chickens only need

Farmer methods to achieve higher rates of production

100 plants provide

top 5 plants for human consumption

Rice, wheat, and corn provide

high input agriculture

Subsistence agriculture

Shifting agriculture and nomadic herding are

Polyculture

When plants and animals are domesticated

Agriculture protects

Green revolution

Change in farming practices involve three steps

The green revolution gave Latin America and Asian countries

America doubled its agricultural output

India doubled total food production between

The green revolution has not benefited

The use of hormones and antibiotics has

Antibiotics prevent

The European Unions bans imports of hormone fed beef because

Maintaining a permanent layer of mulch on soils in areas of high rainfall or steep slopes

Alley Cropping

Deep roots of alley cropping

Heavy pruning needed to reduce the canopy during seedling establishment

Alley cropping works best at

Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering produces food plants that are