Unit 4 - Flashcards

Name 4 structures on which antigens are found

Describe how vaccinations work

State three examples of control measures of infectious disease

Name the structure found on a lymphocyte which allows them to combine with only one antigen

State 2 features of a vaccine which must be determined by clinical trials before the vaccine can be licensed for use

What do epidemiologists study?

State two effects brought about by histamine at the site of infection

Describe what is meant by herd immunity

Describe how natural killer (NK) cells destroy pathogens

Explain why non-immune individuals are protected in herd immunity

Explain why groups are compared at the end of a trial

Describe how phagocytes destroy pathogens

Name the molecule produced by B lymphocytes which recognise specific antigen surface molecules on pathogens or toxins

State 3 responsibilities of individuals in controlling the spread of infectious disease

Some T and B lymphocytes survive long term as which type of cell following exposure to a particular antigen?

Name the type of white blood cells which may become memory cells following an antigen response

Describe what is meant by epidemic occurrence of infectious disease

By which process can active immunity be developed with antigens from infectious pathogens?

Name two types of cell which release cytokines during the non-specific immune response

The action of which system allows the body to protect itself against pathogens, toxins and cancer cells?

Suggest 3 reasons why herd immunity may be unsuccessful

Name the type of white blood cell which induces virally infected cells to die by apoptosis

Name a pathogen which directly attacks the immune system

Which type of white blood cell accumulates at the site of infection during the inflammatory response?

What do HIV and AIDS stand for?

Describe what is meant by antigenic variation

During which type of response is histamine released?

B lymphocytes respond to an antigen which normally possesses no threat. What name is given to this condition?

Describe how T lymphocytes distinguish between the surface molecules of the body's own cells and potentially harmful cells

Describe what is meant by sporadic occurrence of infectious disease

Name the type of white blood cell which produces antibodies

Suggest why the influenza virus remains a major public health problem and requires yearly vaccination of at risk individuals

T lymphocyte response to self antigens causes which type of disease?

Name the structure recognised by phagocytes on the surface of a pathogen

Explain why groups in a clinical trial must be of suitable size

Which type of cells are involved in immune surveillance?

Describe the process of clonal selection

State 3 possible ways in which spread of infectious disease can be controlled

Name the process by which NK cells destroy virally infected cells

Name the type of white blood cell which releases histamine

State 3 responsibilities of communities in controlling the spread of infectious disease

Describe how antigen presenting cells are formed

Name the substance produced by mast cells during the inflammatory response

Name 2 chemical substances which are delivered to the site of infection during the inflammatory response

Vaccinations may include weakened pathogens. Which other form of pathogens may be present in a vaccine?

The threshold for herd immunity depends upon which 3 factors?

Which term describes the immunisation of a large percentage of the population?

An unusually high number of cases of an infectious disease across the globe may be described as...

Explain why adjuvants are included in vaccnations

Describe the possible actions of an antibody on a pathogen

During which process does antigen binding lead to repeated lymphocyte division?

Compare first and second exposure to a particular antigen

Describe how TB avoids immune detection

State the role of cytokines

Describe the role of B lymphocytes in the specific immune response

State 3 methods of transmission of infectious disease

Describe what is meant by a 'double-blind' trial' and why this is an essential design feature