Unit 3 Biopsychology (Neuroscience)

branch of psychology that analyzes how the brain and neurotransmitters influence our behaviors, thoughts and feelings.

a cell that works to carry messages throughout the body

nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses.

Neurons in the central nervous system that project their axons

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. (found in the premotor cortex of humans)

Contains the nucleus (brain) of the cell. Tells the cell to fire or not to fire.

Wire like structure that extends from the soma to the axon terminal buttons. It is like a highway in which the messages will travel down the neuron.

The somewhat enlarged, often club-shaped endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells or with effector cells

The branchy, root like part of the cell that stretches out from the cell body. Dendrites will receive messages from other neurons by grabbing on to neurotransmitters

A fatty layer of tissue that surrounds the axon. It helps speed up neural impulses.

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

principle stating if a neuron fires, then it always fires at the same intensity, either all energy or none at all. no in between.

When a neuron is not sending a signal

Threshold The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.

Chemicals contained in the terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate. Neurotransmitters fit into receptor cells on the dendrites on other neurons like a key in a lock.

Neurotransmitters that stimulate the brain

Transmitters that calm the brain and help create balance

A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.

Acetylcholine

a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers

important for managing mood, appetite, sleep, and dreaming

a neurotransmitter, a chemical used by the human nervous system to send messages and modulate its own function; acts in an inhibitory manner, tending to cause nerves to “calm down”

"morphine within" - natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

the brain and spinal cord

the sensory and motor neurons that conetc the central nervous system to the rest of the body

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles aka skeletal nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs; it's sympathetic division arouses; it's parasympathetic division calms

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing it's energy in stressful situations

The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving it's energy

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus such as the knee-jerk response

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream , and affect other tissues

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just about the kidneys and help secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress

the endocrine system's most influential gland; under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

tissue destruction; a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of the brain tissue

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface; these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

A series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by a computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body

an imaging test that can help reveal how your tissues and organs are functioning

an imaging test that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the body

a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans; fMRI scans show brain function.

a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

the base of the brain stem; controls heart-beat and breathing

a portion of the hindbrain that connects the cerebral cortex with the medulla oblongata

the "little-brain" at the rear of the brain stem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.

the smallest region of the brain, but it plays a vital role in how the brain functions

a nerve network in the brain stem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

responsible for a variety of functions including receiving and processing sensory information, thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on the top of the brain stem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward

two Lima-bean sized neurual clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion

a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

doughnut-shaped neural system (Including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cell covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.

controls activities on the right side of the body, and in humans, usually controls speech and language functions

the cerebral hemisphere to the right of the corpus callosum that controls the left half of the body

functional specialization of the brain, with some skills, as language, occurring primarily in the left hemisphere and others, as the perception of visual and spatial relationships, occurring primarily in the right hemisphere.

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

different parts of the brain related to different brain functions

ares of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments

controls language- an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements

controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage to either Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernick's Area (impairing understanding)

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement and sensations

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

refers to the brain's ability to change as a result of experience. These changes can occur as a result of learning new things or because of damage to the brain.

Neuropsychologist and Neurobiologist who was best known for his studies of patients with "split brains"

also called face blindness, is an impairment in the recognition of faces

a disorder of the brain that leads to shaking (tremors) and difficulty with walking, movement, and coordination.

a mental disorder that makes it hard to: Tell the difference between what is real and not real; Think clearly; Have normal emotional responses; Act normally in social situations.

an autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord

progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain. It is the most common cause of premature senility.