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General Physiology of the Nervous System Physiology PMU 2nd Year

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General Physiology of the Nervous System Physiology PMU 2nd Year

General Physiology of the Nervous System Physiology PMU 2nd Year

Question 1 of 62

1

The action potential of a nerve cell

Select one of the following:

  • Results from a large increase in membrane permeability to Na+ ions

  • Can summate with one another

  • May vary considerably in amplitude

  • Become larger as stimulus strength increase

  • Follow from a decrease in membrane permeability for K+ ions

Explanation

Question 2 of 62

1

At neuromuscular junction:

Select one of the following:

  • the muscle membrane possesses muscarinic receptors

  • the motor nerve endings secrete norepinerphrine

  • curare leads to prolongation of neuromuscular transmission

  • the motor nerve endings secrete acetylcholine

  • none of the above

Explanation

Question 3 of 62

1

The nervous system is compromised of:

Select one of the following:

  • Neurons

  • Neurotubules

  • Neurofibrils

  • Axons

  • Dendrites

Explanation

Question 4 of 62

1

The unique property of the neuron is:

Select one of the following:

  • Communication

  • Contraction

  • Secretion

  • Energy production

  • Excitation

Explanation

Question 5 of 62

1

Most axons are covered by a fatty sheath called:

Select one of the following:

  • Neurilema

  • The nodes of Ranvier

  • Myelin

  • Neural adipose

  • Sacrolema

Explanation

Question 6 of 62

1

Receptors which respond in a stretch reflex are:

Select one of the following:

  • Carotid baroreceptors

  • Free nerve endings

  • Ruffini's endings

  • Oligodendrocytes

  • Pacinan corpuscles

Explanation

Question 7 of 62

1

Select the excitatory neurotransmitter:

Select one of the following:

  • GABA

  • Dopamine

  • Norepinerphrine

  • Glycine

  • None of them

Explanation

Question 8 of 62

1

Laws of transmission in chemical synapses

Select one of the following:

  • One way conduction

  • Amplitude coding of postsynaptic membrane

  • Delayed transmission

  • Summation

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 9 of 62

1

Which are the most important EEG waves during wakefulness with opened eyes

Select one of the following:

  • Gamma (γ)

  • Alpha (α)

  • Beta (β)

  • Delta (δ)

  • Alpha (α) and Delta (δ)

Explanation

Question 10 of 62

1

The adrenergic receptors:

Select one of the following:

  • Alpha

  • Muscarinic

  • Beta

  • Nicotinic

  • Alpha and Beta

Explanation

Question 11 of 62

1

Which one of the following is characteristic of type A nerve fibers:

Select one of the following:

  • Nociception

  • Slower conduction than C fibers

  • Myelinated

  • Substance P

  • Sensory only

Explanation

Question 12 of 62

1

Electroencephalogram (EEG) registers the activity of the

Select one of the following:

  • reticular activating system

  • limbic system

  • thalamus

  • cortex

  • brain stem

Explanation

Question 13 of 62

1

Sensory neurons have:

Select one of the following:

  • a short dendrite and a long axon

  • a short dendrite and a short axon

  • a long dendrite and a short axon

  • along dendrite and a long axon

  • their axons and dendrites may be either long or short

Explanation

Question 14 of 62

1

The medulla oblongata helps regulate which of the following

Select one of the following:

  • breathing

  • heartbeat

  • sneezing

  • vomiting

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 15 of 62

1

What anatomical region of a multipolar neuron has the lowest threshold for generating an action potential?

Select one of the following:

  • soma

  • dendrites

  • axon hillock

  • distal axon

  • proximal axon

Explanation

Question 16 of 62

1

What do the dorsal root ganglia contain?

Select one of the following:

  • cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

  • axon terminal of somatic motor neurons

  • cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

  • axon terminal of sensory neurons

  • cell bodies of sensory neurons

Explanation

Question 17 of 62

1

Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia are involved with the innervation of the

Select one of the following:

  • abdominal organs

  • thoracic organs

  • head

  • m. errector pili

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 18 of 62

1

A reflex action:

Select one of the following:

  • is initiated at sensory receptors

  • always results in endocrine secretion

  • involves transmission across at least two central nervous synapses in series

  • is always inhibitory

  • is independent of higher centres in the brain

Explanation

Question 19 of 62

1

In skeletal muscle neuromuscular junctions:

Select one of the following:

  • the motor end plate is the motor nerve terminal

  • spontaneous (miniature) potentials may be recorded in the motor nerve terminal

  • motor nerve terminals have vesicles containing acetylcholine

  • there is a high concentration of curare

  • transmission is facilitated by botulinum toxin

Explanation

Question 20 of 62

1

Cerebrospinal fluid:

Select one of the following:

  • is formed in the arachnoid granulations

  • provides the brain with most of its nutrition

  • protects the brain from injury when the head is moved

  • has a lower pressure than that in the cerebral venous sinuses

  • flows around the adult brain and is around 5 litres per day

Explanation

Question 21 of 62

1

An excitatory post-synaptic potential:

Select one of the following:

  • is the depolarization of a post-synaptic nerve cell membrane that occurs when a presynaptic neurone is stimulated

  • involves reversal of polarity across the post-synaptic nerve cell membrane

  • may be recorded from a posterior root ganglion cell

  • is propagated at the same rate as an action potential

  • is caused by the electrical field induced by activity in the pre-synaptic nerve terminals

Explanation

Question 22 of 62

1

The ascending reticular formation:

Select one of the following:

  • when stimulated tends to increase alertness

  • transmits impulses to higher centres via a multisynaptic pathway

  • is activated by collateral branches of sensory neurones

  • neurones project to most parts of the cerebral cortex

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 23 of 62

1

The cerebellum:

Select one of the following:

  • modifies the discharge of spinal motor neurones

  • is essential for finely coordinated movements

  • has an afferent input from the motor cortex

  • has an afferent input from muscle proprioceptors

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 24 of 62

1

During deep sleep there is a fall in:

Select one of the following:

  • hand skin temperature

  • arterial pCO2

  • blood growth hormone/cortisol ratio

  • metabolic rate

  • pH

Explanation

Question 25 of 62

1

Sympathetic:

Select one of the following:

  • ganglionic transmission is mediated by acetylcholine

  • neuromuscular transmission in the heart is mediated by acetylcholine

  • neuromuscular transmission in hand skin arterioles is mediated by acetylcholine

  • neuroglandular transmission in sweat! glands is mediated by noradrenaline

  • neuromuscular transmission in the iris is mediated by acetylcholine

Explanation

Question 26 of 62

1

The blood-brain barrier:

Select one of the following:

  • slows equilibration of solutes between blood and brain tissue

  • is more effective barrier for fat-soluble substances than water-soluble substances

  • is more effective barrier in infants than in adult

  • is more effective barrier far CO2 than for 02

  • permits hydrogen ions to pass freely

Explanation

Question 27 of 62

1

The electroencephalogram normally shows voltage waves:

Select one of the following:

  • whose amplitude is related to intelligence

  • of lower frequency during deep sleep than during alert wakefulness

  • of smaller amplitude during deep sleep than during alert wakefulness

  • of greater amplitude than those of the electrocardiogram

  • which are bilaterally unsymmetrical

Explanation

Question 28 of 62

1

Parasympathetic nerves:

Select one of the following:

  • have effects on intestinal smooth muscle opposite to sympathetic nerve

  • have no effect on lacrimation

  • cause vasodilatation in skeletal muscle during prolonged exercise

  • cause sweat secretion in skin when body temperature rises

  • have longer postganglionic than preganglionic fibres

Explanation

Question 29 of 62

1

α (alpha) adrenoceptors:

Select one of the following:

  • are located on myofilaments in smooth muscle cells

  • are distinguishable from β (beta) receptors using electron microscopy

  • can be stimulated by both adrenaline and noradrenaline

  • are involved in the vasodilation responses to adrenaline in skin

  • are involved in heart rate responses to noradrenaline

Explanation

Question 30 of 62

1

The α (alpha) rhythm of the electroencephalogram:

Select one of the following:

  • disappears when the eyes are closed

  • is an electrical potential with an amplitude around one millivolt

  • has a frequency of 8-12 Hz

  • has a lower frequency than the δ (delta) rhythm

  • indicates that the subject is sleeping

Explanation

Question 31 of 62

1

The primary sensory ending of a muscle spindle is stimulated by:

Select one of the following:

  • shortening of an antagonist muscle

  • relaxation of the muscle concerned when under load

  • stimulation of the gamma efferent fibres

  • striking the appropriate tendon with a tendon hammer

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 32 of 62

1

In the spinal cord:

Select one of the following:

  • pain impulse traffic may be modulated in the posterior horn

  • autonomic motor neurones arise in the lateral horn

  • glycin acts as inhibitory neurotransmitter

  • post-synaptic excitation may be mediated by amino acid derivatives acting as neurotransmitters

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 33 of 62

1

In the cerebral cortex

Select one of the following:

  • neuronal connections are innate and immutable

  • language and now-language skills are represented in the same hemisphere

  • the areas concerned with emotional behavior are concentrated in the lobes

  • the cortical area devoted to sensation in the hand is larger that for the trunk

  • stimulation of the motor cortex causes contractions of individual muscles on the opposite side of the body

Explanation

Question 34 of 62

1

Generalized sympathetic activity is characterized by:

Select one of the following:

  • contraction of the radial muscle in the iris

  • increased urinary excretion of catecholamines

  • lipolysis in adipose tissue

  • increased conduction rate in the atrio-ventricular bundle

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 35 of 62

1

Acetylcholine:

Select one of the following:

  • acts on the same type of receptor on postganglionic fibres in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

  • acts on the different type of receptor on target organs at cholinergic sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve terminals

  • acts on the same type of receptor at autonomic ganglia and at somatic neuromuscular junctions

  • acts on alpha and beta receptors

  • in blood is hydrolyzed by the same cholinesterase as is found at neuromuscular junctions

Explanation

Question 36 of 62

1

An inhibitory post-synaptic potential:

Select one of the following:

  • may be recorded in a post-ganglionic sympathetic neurone

  • may be recorded in an axon

  • does not exceed one millivolt in amplitude

  • moves membrane potential towards the equilibrium potential for sodium

  • may summate in space and time with other excitatory and inhibitory potentials in the same neurone

Explanation

Question 37 of 62

1

A valley of impulses travelling in a pro-synaptic neurone causes:

Select one of the following:

  • an identical volley in the post-synaptic neurone

  • summation of action potentials

  • an increase in the permeability of the pare-synaptic nerve terminals to calcium

  • the generation of at least one action potential in the post-synaptic neurone

  • endocytosis of neurotransmitter

Explanation

Question 38 of 62

1

Pain receptors are:

Select one of the following:

  • similar in structure to Pacinian corpuscles

  • stimulated by a rise in the local K+ concentration

  • quick to adapt to a constant stimulus

  • more easily stimulated in intact than in injured tissue

  • stimulated in the wall of the gut by agents which damage the tissues

Explanation

Question 39 of 62

1

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep differs from non-REM sleep in that:

Select one of the following:

  • the EEG shows waves of higher frequency

  • muscle tone is higher

  • heart rate and respiration are more regular

  • secretion of growth hormone is increased

  • not possible

Explanation

Question 40 of 62

1

Delta (δ) wave activity in the electroencephalogram:

Select one of the following:

  • is low in frequency and amplitude

  • suggests that the patient is alert and concentrating

  • suggests that the patient is with opened eyes

  • is a feature of petit mal epilepsy

  • is more common in children than in adults while they are awake

Explanation

Question 41 of 62

1

Signs of brainstem death include:

Select one of the following:

  • unconsciousness

  • normal pupillary reaction to light

  • loss of tendon jerks in the arms and legs

  • loss of respiratory response to CO2 in the absence of hypoxia

  • nystagmus in response to cold water in the external auditory canal

Explanation

Question 42 of 62

1

Atropine causes:

Select one of the following:

  • paralysis of accommodation for near vision in the eye

  • constriction of the pupil

  • constriction of the bronchi

  • diarrhea

  • bradycardia

Explanation

Question 43 of 62

1

Aphasia:

Select one of the following:

  • is an impairment of language skills without motor paralysis loss of hearing or vision

  • does not mean unconsciousness

  • is called motor aphasia if the patient understands what the speech sounds and symbols mean but lacks the higher motor skills needed to express them

  • is called sensory aphasia if the patient does not understand the meaning of the words he hears, sees and uses

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 44 of 62

1

Blockade of parasympathetic activity causes a reduction in:

Select one of the following:

  • sweat production

  • resting heart rate

  • the strength of skeletal muscle contraction

  • salivation

  • blood pressure

Explanation

Question 45 of 62

1

Blockade of beta (β) adrenoceptors is likely to cause:

Select one of the following:

  • disturbance in renal-angiotensin-aldosterone system

  • worsening of the condition in patients with bronchial asthma

  • worsening of the condition in patients in cardiac failure

  • inability to increase heart rate during exercise in patients with transplanted hearts

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 46 of 62

1

All of these characteristics belong to postsynaptic potentials, except for:

Select one of the following:

  • they have constant magnitude

  • there are no refractory periods

  • summation is possible

  • typically occur at the cell body of a neuron

  • they are decremental

Explanation

Question 47 of 62

1

Compared with the Endocrine System, regulation of the body by the Nervous System provides:

Select one of the following:

  • relatively slow but long-lasting responses to stimuli

  • swift but brief responses to stimuli

  • swift, long-lasting responses to stimuli

  • antagonist hormone interactions

  • relatively slow, short-lived responses to stimuli

Explanation

Question 48 of 62

1

Which of these characteristics is not related to the Parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Select one of the following:

  • urination

  • defecation

  • salivation

  • lacrimation

  • posturation

Explanation

Question 49 of 62

1

Which of the following has slowest conduction:

Select one of the following:

  • A alpha

  • A beta

  • A gamma

  • B fibres

  • C fibres

Explanation

Question 50 of 62

1

A man falls into deep sleep with one arm under his head. After awakening the arm is paralyzed but tingling sensation and pain sensation persist. This loss of motor function without the loss of sensory function is due to:

Select one of the following:

  • A fibres are more susceptible to hypoxia that B fibers

  • A fibres are more sensitive to pressure than C fibers

  • C fibres are more sensitive to pressure than A fibers

  • sensory nerves are nearer the bone and hence affected by pressure

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 51 of 62

1

Saltatory conduction:

Select one of the following:

  • is seen only in myelinated nerve fibres

  • is slower that non saltatory conduction

  • is not affected if a local anesthetic is applied to the nodes of Ranvie

  • is seen only in sensory fibers

  • is seen only in the cortex

Explanation

Question 52 of 62

1

Myelin sheath is produced by:

Select one of the following:

  • Axoplasm

  • Mitochondria

  • Schwann cell

  • Muscle cell

  • Endocrine cell

Explanation

Question 53 of 62

1

Sleep is associated with:

Select one of the following:

  • an alpha rhythm in the electroencephalogram

  • increased activity in the reticular activating system

  • a beta rhythm in the EEG

  • a high level of vagal tone to the heart and grinding movements of the teeth

  • a rise in central body temperature

Explanation

Question 54 of 62

1

From childhood to old age:

Select one of the following:

  • there is a steady decrease in total sleeping time per day

  • deep (stage 4) Sleep decreases as a percentage of total daily sleep

  • body water as a percentage of body mass decreases

  • sleep becomes less aggregated into a single sleeping period

  • all of the above

Explanation

Question 55 of 62

1

The method by which the brain's electrical activity is registered from the scalp is called:

Select one of the following:

  • electroneurography (ENG)

  • electroencephalography (EEG)

  • electrocardiography (ECG)

  • electromyography (EMG)

  • nuclear-magnetic resonance (NMR)

Explanation

Question 56 of 62

1

The sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the ANS secrete:

Select one of the following:

  • dopamine

  • L-DOPA

  • serotonin

  • histamine

  • acetylcholine

Explanation

Question 57 of 62

1

The adrenergic effect on the bronchial smooth muscle is:

Select one of the following:

  • constriction

  • relaxation

  • sometimes constriction, sometimes relaxation

  • of no effect

  • dose dependent - at low concentrations - constriction, at higher doses - relaxation

Explanation

Question 58 of 62

1

reflexes are defined as somatic, visceral and mixed

Select one of the following:

  • according to the location of the receptors

  • according to the type of the reflex arc

  • according to the effectors

  • according to the location of the interneurons

  • according to formation

Explanation

Question 59 of 62

1

The adrenal medulla is innervated by:

Select one of the following:

  • preganglionic cholinergic neurons

  • postganglionic cholinergic neurons

  • preganglionic adrenergic neurons

  • postganglionic adrenergic neurons

  • preganglionic dopaminergic neurons

Explanation

Question 60 of 62

1

The increased tone of the parasympathetic division leads to:

Select one of the following:

  • contraction of the pupils and bronchial smooth muscle fibers

  • dilation of the pupils and relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle fibers

  • contraction of the pupils and relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle fibers

  • dilation of the pupils and contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle fibers

  • none of the above

Explanation

Question 61 of 62

1

Excessive formation of a substance/ secretion in the body is controlled in order to maintain homeostasis by:

Select one of the following:

  • +ve feedback mechanism

  • -ve feedback mechanism

  • osmosis

  • haemodynamics

  • Up-regulation

Explanation

Question 62 of 62

1

The sympathetic response to stress includes:

Select one of the following:

  • increased blood pressure

  • increased glycogen breakdown in liver and muscles

  • increased glycogen synthesis in liver and muscles

  • increased blood clotting

  • a, b, and d

Explanation

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