MULTIPLE CHOICE OF LOCOMOTION

Question 1 of 120

1

Motion of condylar joint and example

Select one of the following:

uniaxial and femorotibial joint
uniaxial and elbow joint
biaxial and elbow joint
multiaxial and shoulder/hip joint
multiaxial and stifle joint

Explanation

Question 2 of 120

1

Label 1-7

Select one of the following:

1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. fibrous layer 4. synovial membrane 5. articular cartilage 6. meniscus 7. joint cavity
1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. meniscus 4. synovial membrane 5. articular cartilage 6. fibrous layer 7. joint cavity
1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. fibrous layer 4. joint cavity 5. articular cartilage 6. meniscus 7. Synovial membrane
1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. fibrous layer 4. synovial membrane 5. meniscus 6. articular cartilage 7. joint cavity
1. compact bone 2. periosteum 3. fibrous layer 4. plasma membrane 5. articular cartilage 6. meniscus 7. joint cavity

Explanation

Question 3 of 120

1

The mature neutrophil in mammalian blood smear can be distinguished from other cells by the presence of at least one very distinctive feature unique to this cell type. Which one of the following features best fits that description?

Select one of the following:

Its relatively small cell size
The presence of most lobulated nucleus
The presence of granules in its cytoplasm.
The absence of granules in its cytoplasm.
The eccentric location of the nucleus within the cell.

Explanation

Question 4 of 120

1

The mature erythrocyte in a mammalian blood smear can be easily distinguished from all other cells by the presence of one of the most distinctive features unique to this cell type. Which one of the following features best fits this description?

Select one of the following:

The absence of a nucleus.
The presence of a lobulated nucleus
Basophilic staining
The presence of granules.
By very small numbers of this cell type in the blood smear

Explanation

Question 5 of 120

1

Which one of the following five histological features best characterizes the loose connective tissue?

Select one of the following:

Lack of much ground substance
Abundance of collagen fibres
Abundance of ground substance
Abundance of elastic fibres
Abundance of reticular fibres

Explanation

Question 6 of 120

1

Which one of the following five features best characterizes the stratified squamous epithelium?

Select one of the following:

Cells in all layers are squamous in shape and size.
Only cells in deeper layers are squamous in shape and size.
Cells in basal layers are cuboidal.
Only cells in superficial layers are squamous in shape and size.
Cells in basal layers are columnar.

Explanation

Question 7 of 120

1

Some animals in a herd of cattle may suffer from myophosphorylase deficiency. Which of the following five laboratory tests would best confirm your diagnosis?

Select one of the following:

histochemical test myophosphorylase activity
Haematoxylin & Eosin stain
Electron microscopic analysis
in situ hybridisation for myophosphorylase enzyme
immunohistochemical test for myophosphorylase protein

Explanation

Question 8 of 120

1

Which of the following correctly explains the mechanism by which a change in intracellular calcium concentration enables muscle contraction in skeletal muscle?

Select one of the following:

Calcium enters the fibre via T tubules and binds to troponin C
Calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum induces a conformational change in the tropomyosin-troponin complex
Calcium activates the ATPase enzyme on the myosin head
Calcium is taken up into the sarcoplasmic reticulum by an ATPase pump and then binds to the ryanodine receptor which activates actin
Cell membrane depolarisation activates a sodium –calcium exchanger which induces the power stroke by enhancing metabolism of ADP

Explanation

Question 9 of 120

1

Which of the following is a correct definition of a motor unit?

Select one of the following:

A motor neurone and the muscle fibres it innervates
All muscle fibres of the same fibre type
Muscle fibres within a single fascicle
A sarcomere
A single muscle fibre

Explanation

Question 10 of 120

1

Which of the following statements below concerning these two muscles is correct, assuming they are both of equal volume ?

Select one of the following:

Muscle A contracts at a slower rate than muscle B
Muscle B can generate a higher amount of force than muscle A.
Muscle A can generate a higher amount of force than muscle B.
Muscles such as A tend to be associated with long elastic energy storing tendons
Muscle B is more powerful than muscle A

Explanation

Question 11 of 120

1

Complete the following sentence with the best match from below. “The mechanism by which horses protract their limbs…..”

Select one of the following:

Involves the brachiocephalicus muscle
Involves muscles that can contract to produce high amounts of muscle power
Uses elastic energy storage during stance in order to increase the shortening rate of the muscle- tendon unit during swing
Uses elastic energy storage to ensure limb protraction does not require large amounts of energy
Differs from that of other fast cursors

Explanation

Question 12 of 120

1

The fascicles that form the hierarchical structure of tendon and ligaments are composed mainly of

Select one of the following:

Endotenon
Proteoglycans
Collagen type I
Crimp pattern
Collagen type III

Explanation

Question 13 of 120

1

The graph below shows a typical stress-strain relationship for a tendon loaded to failure. The area under the curve (shown by vertical lines) represents

Select one of the following:

Heat loss with loading
Heat gain with loading
Stiffness of the tissue
Energy to failure of the tissue
Energy produced in total

Explanation

Question 14 of 120

1

In which layer of the epidermis are melanocyte cell bodies usually present in pigmented skin?

Select one of the following:

S. corneum
s. basale
S. lucidum
s. granulosum
s. spinosum

Explanation

Question 15 of 120

1

Which statement best describes the sebaceous gland?

Select one of the following:

Cells exhibit holocrine secretion and gland opens on to hair follicle
Cells exhibit merocrine secretion and gland opens on to skin surface
Cells exhibit apocrine secretion and gland opens on to skin surface
Cells exhibit merocrine secretion and gland opens on to hair follicle
Cells exhibit holocrine excretion and gland opens on to skin surface

Explanation

Question 16 of 120

1

Which of the following best describes changes in chondrocyte behaviour during the endochondral ossification process?

Select one of the following:

Resting, maturation, proliferation, hypertrophy and death
Resting, proliferation, maturation, hypertrophy and death
Resting, hypertrophy, proliferation, maturation and death
Resting, proliferation, hypertrophy, maturation and death
Resting, maturation, hypertrophy, proliferation and death

Explanation

Question 17 of 120

1

Which of the following best describes the relative abundance of these components in fresh articular cartilage?

Select one of the following:

Water > type II collagen > proteoglycan > hyaluronan
Water > proteoglycan > type II collagen > hyaluronan
Type II collagen > water > proteoglycan > hyaluronan
Proteoglycan > water > type II collagen > hyaluronan
Hyaluronan > water > proteoglycan > type II collagen

Explanation

Question 18 of 120

1

The predominant collagen fibre type in hyaline cartilage and bone are, respectively:

Select one of the following:

III and II
II and III
I and II
II and I

Explanation

Question 19 of 120

1

Which component of hyaline cartilage is responsible for retaining the large quantities of water?
Water
Collagens
Proteoglycans
Chondrocytes
Other proteins

Select one of the following:

Collagen
Chondrocytes
Proteoglycan
Other
None of the above

Explanation

Question 20 of 120

1

A neurone:

Select one of the following:

has the capacity of self – replication by mitotic cell division
has Nissl substance distributed uniformly throughout the cell body
always presents multiple dendrites, which are of a branched pattern
always presents one single axone, which is branched in tree-like fashion termination
has a single axone process which may measure up to a metre or more in length

Explanation

Question 21 of 120

1

Which of the following are not correctly paired in terms of structure and function?

Select one of the following:

Neurilemmal cell/myelination of axone processes in peripheral nervous system
Astrocyte/blood-brain barrier
Satellite cell/lining of cavities (ventricles) of brain
Oligodendrocyte/myelination of axone processes in central nervous system
Microglia/phagocytosis

Explanation

Question 22 of 120

1

A synapse:

Select one of the following:

occurs between one neurone and another neurone or multiple neurones and always results in excitation of these
involves a synaptic delay of approximately 0.5 – 1.0 milliseconds
occurs between one neurone and muscle tissue and can only result in excitation of the muscle tissue
is always mediated by acetylcholine
involves a partial fusion of cell membranes

Explanation

Question 23 of 120

1

A ganglion:

Select one of the following:

can occur in CNS or PNS
is always a collection of cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurones
is always a collection of cell bodies of sensory (afferent) neurones
is always a site of synapse
may be large enough to see at naked-eye level

Explanation

Question 24 of 120

1

The navicular bone:

Select one of the following:

is otherwise termed the proximal sesamoid bone
lies within the deep digital flexor tendon
articulates with both the middle and distal phalanges at the distal interphalangeal joint
is palpable at the bulbs of the heel
is attached proximally to the distal divisions of the suspensory ligament

Explanation

Question 25 of 120

1

A ”low palmar digital nerve block” in the forelimb:

Select one of the following:

blocks nerve fibres derived from only the median nerve.
desensitises ALL structures within the hoof
is performed midway between the fetlock joint and the coronary band
involves blocking the medial and lateral palmar digital nerves
is a “4 point” block

Explanation

Question 26 of 120

1

Coactivation is the stimulation of lower motoneurons by the upper motor neurons resulting into.

Select one of the following:

Activation of gamma motoneurons to extrafusal fibres
Activation of alpha motoneurons to intrafusal fibres
Activation of both alpha and gamma motoneurons to extrafusal fibres and intrafusal fibres respectively.
Activation on gamma motoneurons causing the muscle spindles to relax.

Explanation

Question 27 of 120

1

In crossed-extensor reflex sensory inputs are relayed to the spinal cord and to the interneurons. The interneurons respond by sending inhibitory and facilitatory motor response:

Select one of the following:

causing the extensor muscles in the affected limb to relax and flexor muscles to contract while both extensor and flexor muscles in the contralateral side relax.
causing the extensor muscles in the affected limb (ispilateral) to relax and flexor muscles to contract while extensor muscles in contralateral side relax and flexor muscles contract.
causing the extensor muscles in the affected limb to relax and flexor muscles to contract while both extensor and flexor muscles in the contralateral side to contract.
causing the extensor muscles in the affected limb (ispilateral) to relax and flexor muscles to contract while extensor muscles in contralateral side contract and flexor muscles to relax.

Explanation

Question 28 of 120

1

Motion of hinge joint and example

Select one of the following:

multiaxial and intercarpal joint
uniaxial and femorotibial joint
multtaxial and shoulder joint
uniaxial and elbow joint

Explanation

Question 29 of 120

1

Motion of ball and socket joint and example

Select one of the following:

uniaxial and elbow joint
uniaxial and femorotibial joint
multiaxial and shoulder/hip joint
biaxial and radiocarpal joint

Explanation

Question 30 of 120

1

Motion of plane joint and example

Select one of the following:

biaxial and radiocarpal joint
multiaxial and intercarpal joint
uniaxial and atlantoaxial joint
multiaxial and shoulder/hip joint

Explanation

Question 31 of 120

1

Motion of elipsoidal joint and example

Select one of the following:

uniaxial and atlantoaxial joint
biaxial and distal interphalangeal joint
multiaxial and intercarpal joint
biaxial and radiocarpal joint

Explanation

Question 32 of 120

1

Motion of pivot joint and example

Select one of the following:

biaxial and distal interphalangeal joint
biaxial and radiocarpal joint
uniaxial and atlantoaxial joint
multiaxial and intercarpal joint

Explanation

Question 33 of 120

1

Motion of saddle joint and example

Select one of the following:

biaxial and distal interphalangeal joint
multiaxial and intercarpal joint
biaxial and radiocarpal joint
uniaxial and femorotibial joint

Explanation

Question 34 of 120

1

Define the joint cavity structure

Select one of the following:

A plate of fibrocartilage
space unique to synovial joint
inner lining of fibrous layer
A structure found in only elastic cartilage
A structure found in only friborus cartilage

Explanation

Question 35 of 120

1

The synovial membrane is highly vascularised

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 36 of 120

1

What is the meniscus

Select one of the following:

plate of elastic cartilage
sesamoid bone
plate of fibrocartilage
phagocytic cells found in bone
a ligament

Explanation

Question 37 of 120

1

What does the meniscus partially or fully divide

Select one of the following:

a joint cavity
a tendon at its insertion site
blood vessels and bone
articular cartiulage

Explanation

Question 38 of 120

1

What is the fibrous layer in joints

Select one of the following:

a layer of bone
white/yellow elastic fibrous part of joint capsule which attaches to the periosteum
a layer of cartilage
substance made up of type 3 collagen

Explanation

Question 39 of 120

1

What is the periosteum structurally?

Select one of the following:

form of hyaline cartilage
a segment of primary osteon
the extracellular matrix of bone
fibrous covering around bone

Explanation

Question 40 of 120

1

What best describes the function of the periosteum?

Select one of the following:

Articulation surface between joints
Bone growth, repair, nutrition, ligament/tendon attachment
a structure to allow endochondral ossification
a reservoir for osteoblast cells

Explanation

Question 41 of 120

1

What is the major constituent of tendon?

Select one of the following:

water
type 2 collagen
type 1 collagen
proteoglycans
hyaluronic acid

Explanation

Question 42 of 120

1

The types of cartilaginous joints

Select one of the following:

synchondrosis and symphysis
sutures, syndesmoses and gomphosis
sutures, syndesmoses, symphysis and gomphosis
symphysis and syndesmoses
synchondrosis and gomphosis

Explanation

Question 43 of 120

1

Which one of these is not typically present in synovial fluid?

Select one of the following:

water
hyaluronic acid
glycoproteins
surface active phospholids
Type A mononuclear leukocytes
Glucose and electrolytes
Platelets

Explanation

Question 44 of 120

1

The types of dense fibrous joints

Select one of the following:

synchondrosis and symphysis
sutures, syndesmoses and gomphosis
sutures and synchondrosis
Gomphosis, synchondrosis and symphysis
Gomphosis, synchondrosis , syndesmoses and symphysis

Explanation

Question 45 of 120

1

What cells produce synovial fluid

Select one of the following:

type A fibroblasts
chondrocytes
type B fibroblasts
osteoblasts
erythrocytes

Explanation

Question 46 of 120

1

How many chondrocytes are found in lacunae

Select one of the following:

1
5
2-4 (usually in pairs)
6
none

Explanation

Question 47 of 120

1

Define Wolff's law

Select one of the following:

bone will arrange randomly
bone only arranges in places it is needed

Explanation

Question 48 of 120

1

Describe remodelling

Select one of the following:

bone resorption by osteoclasts followed by deposition of osteoid by osteoblasts
only osteoblast depositon
only osteoclast resorption
bone resorption by osteoblasts followed by deposition of osteoid by osteoclasts

Explanation

Question 49 of 120

1

Describe modelling

Select one of the following:

the degradation of bone
a process to arrange collagen firbres
the growth of bone and change in bone shape due to bone deposition and or resporption
osteoblast and osteoclast activity to repair fatigue damage but no change in bone shape

Explanation

Question 50 of 120

1

What does intramembranous ossification form

Select one of the following:

flat bones and skulls
bones with articulations
cartilage
mesenchyme

Explanation

Question 51 of 120

1

what best describes the process of intramembranous ossification

Select one of the following:

direct replacement of mesenchyme with bone
the formation of new haversion systems containing blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
the generation of bone by osteoblast cells
only occurs to repair fatigue damage

Explanation

Question 52 of 120

1

What do primary and secondary osteons form

Select one of the following:

new haversion systems containing blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
bone
cartilage
blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
articulations

Explanation

Question 53 of 120

1

what cells are involved in primary osteons

Select one of the following:

osteoblasts
osteoclasts and osteoblasts
osteoclasts, osteoblasts and chondrocytes
osteoclasts

Explanation

Question 54 of 120

1

where does primary osteons form

Select one of the following:

surface of bone generating smooth channels
fibrocartilage
pre-existing bone from inside
surface of hyaline cartilage

Explanation

Question 55 of 120

1

What cells are involved in secondary osteons

Select one of the following:

osteoclasts and osteoblasts
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
chondrocytes

Explanation

Question 56 of 120

1

where does secondary osteons take place

Select one of the following:

pre-existing bone from inside
surface of bone and smooth
cartilage
blood vessels

Explanation

Question 57 of 120

1

What shape are osteoblasts and where are they present

Select one of the following:

simple cells with bone extracellular matrix
multinuclear cells on surface of bone
squamous cells on surface of bone
cuboidal cells on the surface of bone

Explanation

Question 58 of 120

1

Function of osteoblasts

Select one of the following:

secrete osteoid and signal osteoclasts for resorption/secretion balance
resorb bone matrix by secreting HCl and proteases
cell body in lacunae which detect microdamage and attract osteoclasts

Explanation

Question 59 of 120

1

Shape of osteoclasts and where they are present

Select one of the following:

multinuclear cells on surface of bone
cuboidal cells on the surface of bone
simple cells within bone extracellular matrix
squamous cells on surface of bone
multinuclear cells bone extracellular matrix

Explanation

Question 60 of 120

1

Function of osteoclasts

Select one of the following:

secrete osteoid and signal osteoclasts for resorption/secretion balance
resorb bone matrix by secreting HCl and proteases
cell body in lacunae which detect microdamage and attract osteoclasts

Explanation

Question 61 of 120

1

Function of osteocytes

Select one of the following:

cell body in lacunae which detect microdamage and attract osteoclasts
resorb bone matrix by secreting HCl and proteases
secrete osteoid and signal osteoclasts for resorption/secretion balance

Explanation

Question 62 of 120

1

What best describe tendons functional organisation of collagen

Select one of the following:

crimp structure
chain structure
elongated fibers running parrallel
random arrangement

Explanation

Question 63 of 120

1

Where are tenocytes located?

Select one of the following:

blood plasma
elongated in chains between collage fibres
adipose tissue
CNS
PNS

Explanation

Question 64 of 120

1

Collagen synthesis involves?

Select one of the following:

triple helix of polypeptide chains translated as procollagen and cleaved into collagen
double helix of polypeptide chains translated as procollagen and cleaved into collagen
triple helix of polypeptide chains translated as collagen
procollagen and glycosylated into collagen

Explanation

Question 65 of 120

1

Work=?

Select one of the following:

force x time
force x distance and power x time
distance/ force
power x distance

Explanation

Question 66 of 120

1

Power=?

Select one of the following:

work / time
force x distance
time x force
distance x work

Explanation

Question 67 of 120

1

What do short fibers at an angle increase

Select one of the following:

physiological cross sectional area
tension
strength
power

Explanation

Question 68 of 120

1

Best description for large moment arms

Select one of the following:

low force to lift larger loads with small motion and lower velocity
large force required to lift larger loads with large motion with high velocity

Explanation

Question 69 of 120

1

Best description for small moment arms

Select one of the following:

large force required to lift larger loads with large motion and high velocity
lower force required to lift larger loads with small motion and low velocity

Explanation

Question 70 of 120

1

The name for muscle cells

Select one of the following:

muscle fibre
myofibrils
myofilaments

Explanation

Question 71 of 120

1

What process involves the formation of syncitical structure formed by union of several embyonic myoblast cells which fuse to form a multinuclear cells

Select one of the following:

Myogenesis
Muscle cell atrophy
Sarcomere increase

Explanation

Question 72 of 120

1

The properties of a cardiac cell

Select one of the following:

Uninucleated
Branched
Central nuclei
All of the answers
Striated

Explanation

Question 73 of 120

1

Which one of these properties would not be attributed to smooth muscle cells

Select one of the following:

Branched
Central nuclei
Uninucleated
Unicellular

Explanation

Question 74 of 120

1

Which one of these properties are not attributed to skeletal muscle cells

Select one of the following:

Striated
Multicellular
Nuclei at periphery
Central nuceli
Multinuclear

Explanation

Question 75 of 120

1

What is the excitatory neurotransmitter of skeletal muscle

Select one of the following:

acetylcholine
somatostatin
GABA
histamine
tryptamine

Explanation

Question 76 of 120

1

The muscle cells which are slow oxidative with low myosin ATPase activity, fatigue resistant, high oxidative ability and stain light

Select one of the following:

Type 1 muscle fibres
Type 2a muscle fibres
Type 2b muscle fibres

Explanation

Question 77 of 120

1

The muscle cells which have high myosin ATPase activity, high oxidative and glycolytic capacity

Select one of the following:

Type 2a muscle fibres
Type 1 muscle fibres
Type 2b muscle fibres

Explanation

Question 78 of 120

1

The muscle cells with high myosin ATPase activity, high glycolytic ability, fatigue easily and stain dark

Select one of the following:

Type 2b muscle fibres
Type 2a muscle fibres
Type 1 muscle fibres

Explanation

Question 79 of 120

1

Alpha dystroglycan and integrins are molecules involved with

Select one of the following:

endomysium to muscle fibre cytoskeleton
epimysium to perimysium
endomysium to perimyium
epimysium to fascia

Explanation

Question 80 of 120

1

The innervation ratio of muscles is best described as?

Select one of the following:

the number of muscle fibres innervated by a single motor unit
the contractile force generated from a singular molar of neurotransmitter
the concentration of neurotransmitter required for contraction
the total number of depolarization of a motor neuron to induce contraction of muscle fibres

Explanation

Question 81 of 120

1

In the sarcomere structure where are thick filaments PRIMARILY myosin found

Select one of the following:

A band
I band
H band
Z line
M line

Explanation

Question 82 of 120

1

In the sarcomere structure where are thin filaments primarily actin located

Select one of the following:

I band
A band
H band
Z line
M line

Explanation

Question 83 of 120

1

In the sarcomere structure where is ONLY myosin located

Select one of the following:

H band
A band
I band
Z line
M line

Explanation

Question 84 of 120

1

Where in the sarcomere is the end region containing alpha actinin

Select one of the following:

Z line
A band
H band
I band
M line

Explanation

Question 85 of 120

1

In the sacromere where are the protein filaments which anchor thick filaments during contraction?

Select one of the following:

M line
Z line
H band
I band
A band

Explanation

Question 86 of 120

1

Titin is the largest protein in the body.
What is its function in muscle contraction?

Select one of the following:

A molecular spring responsible for the passive elasticity of muscle
Responsible for anchoring thick filaments during muscle contraction
A catabolic enzyme responsible for muscle atrophy
A anabolic enzyme responsible for muscle hypertrophy

Explanation

Question 87 of 120

1

Which description best describes the sliding filament theory

Select one of the following:

shortening of sarcomeres towards origin, Z line distance reduces, strokes of myosin cross bridges pull the thin filament, A band remains the same and H band shortens
lengthening of sarcomeres towards origin, Z line distance reduces, strokes of myosin cross bridges pull the thin filament, A band remains the same and H band shortens
shortening of sarcomeres towards origin, Z line distance reduces, strokes of myosin cross bridges pull the thick filament, A band remains the same and H band shortens

Explanation

Question 88 of 120

1

What description best describes the cross bridge cycle?

Select one of the following:

without ATP the crossbridge is strongly bound to actin, the ATP binds to myosin and crossbridge detaches due to a conformational change, ATP hydrolysed to ADP, the ADP released causing power stroke to occur
with ATP the crossbridge is strongly bound to actin, the ATP disscoiates from myosin and crossbridge detaches due to a conformational change, ATP binds causing power stroke to occur
without ATP the crossbridge is strongly bound to actin, Calcium binds to myosin and crossbridge detaches due to a conformational change, ATP hydrolysed to ADP, the ADP released causing power stroke to occur

Explanation

Question 89 of 120

1

What is the Ca2+ concentration required for muscle contraction?

Select one of the following:

10-6 M
10-9 M
10-7 M
10-6 mM

Explanation

Question 90 of 120

1

Where is Ca2+ stored for muscle contraction

Select one of the following:

sarcoplasmic reticulum
sarcoplasma
T tubules
mitochondria
lysosomes

Explanation

Question 91 of 120

1

DHP receptors changing leading to opening of Ryanodine receptors is due to what?

Select one of the following:

T tubules conducting an action potential affects what receptors
Calcium entering cytoplasm from sarcoplasmic reticulum
Movement of the tropomyosin complex
Osteoblast activity

Explanation

Question 92 of 120

1

Ca2+ released into sarcoplasm occurs by...? (pick the most direct cause)

Select one of the following:

The opening of Ryanodine receptors causes what
T tubules conducting action potentials
tropomyosin complex movement
Satellite cells fusing into muscle fibers

Explanation

Question 93 of 120

1

What is the effect of Ca2+ in muscle?

Select one of the following:

binding to troponin C causing tropomyosin complex to move and expose binding sites on actin
T tubules conducting action potentials
muscle relaxation
DHP receptors change which opens Ryanodine receptors

Explanation

Question 94 of 120

1

What is osteoporosis?

Select one of the following:

Bones becoming brittle and fragile from loss of tissue due to hormonal changes and deficiency of Ca and Vit D
bone becomes dense and susceptible to fracture due to failure in osteoclasts to resorb bone
Monotonic failure of bone
process of fatigue repair in bone

Explanation

Question 95 of 120

1

Genetic mutation in CA2 gene can cause

Select one of the following:

osteopetrosis
osteoporosis
muscle atrophy
muscle dysplasia

Explanation

Question 96 of 120

1

Describe osteopetrosis

Select one of the following:

bone becomes dense and susceptible to fracture due to failure in osteoclasts to resorb bone
bones becoming brittle and fragile from loss of tissue due to hormonal changes and deficiency of Ca and Vit D
Montonic failure of bone
Muscle dysplasia

Explanation

Question 97 of 120

1

Which muscle fibers will undergo hypertrophy twice as fast

Select one of the following:

Type 2
Type 1

Explanation

Question 98 of 120

1

Muscle size increase by increase of what?

Select one of the following:

the number of sarcomeres
the number of muscle fibers
the number of satellite cells
increase in the rate of myogenesis

Explanation

Question 99 of 120

1

From left to right label the neuron cell type

Select one of the following:

multipolar, bipolar, pseudo unipolar
bipolar, multipolar, pseudo unipolar
pseudo unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
multipolar, pseudo unipolar, bipolar

Explanation

Question 100 of 120

1

The Na/K pump pumps how many Na+ out and K+in

Select one of the following:

3 Na+ out 2 K+ in
2 Na+ out 3 K+ in
3 Na+ out 3 K+ in
3 Na+ out 1 K+ in

Explanation

Question 101 of 120

1

The resting membrane potential value

Select one of the following:

-70mV
-55mV
+30mV
-75mV

Explanation

Question 102 of 120

1

Threshold of depolarisation for Na+ channels to open

Select one of the following:

-55mV
-70mV
+30mV
-75mV

Explanation

Question 103 of 120

1

Value of depolarisation for K+ channels to open and cause repolarisation

Select one of the following:

+30mV
-70mV
-75mV
-55mV

Explanation

Question 104 of 120

1

How is hyperpolarisaion of -75mV commonly known as the refractory period restored the the resting membrane potential

Select one of the following:

action of Na/K pump
passive diffusion of Na and K
naturally overtime
the intake of Calcium ions

Explanation

Question 105 of 120

1

The cells responsible for myelination in the peripheral nervous system

Select one of the following:

Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes
Satellite cells
Neuroglia

Explanation

Question 106 of 120

1

The cells responsible for myelination in the central nervous system

Select one of the following:

Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Neuroglial cells
Satellite cells

Explanation

Question 107 of 120

1

Action potentials only occurring at the nodes of ranvier is known as?

Select one of the following:

Saltatory conduction
Saltatory convection
Salivatory conduction
Neurogenic conduction

Explanation

Question 108 of 120

1

Which one of these is NOT involved with neurotransmitter release?

Select one of the following:

action potentials reaches axon terminal, voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
Ca2+ binds to sensor proteins in cytoplasm,
Ca2+ protein complex stimulates docking, fusion and exocytosis of neurotransmitter
Lysomome degradation of neurotransmitter granules

Explanation

Question 109 of 120

1

The effects of excitatory neurotransmitters

Select one of the following:

Na+ channels open and depolarise cell
Cl- channels opens and inhibit postsynaptic potential
Activation of Na/K pump
Hyperpolarisation

Explanation

Question 110 of 120

1

The effects of inhibitory neurotransmitters

Select one of the following:

Activation of Na/K pump
Cl- channels opens and inhibit postsynaptic potential
Na+ channels open and depolarise cell
Depolarization of cell membrane

Explanation

Question 111 of 120

1

Alpha motor neurons stimulate what

Select one of the following:

extrafusal fibers the normal muscle fibers
intrafusal fibres the muscle spindles
intrafusal fibers the normal muscle fibers
xtrafusal fibers the muscle spindles

Explanation

Question 112 of 120

1

Gamma motor neurons stimulate what

Select one of the following:

intrafusal fibers the muscle spindles
extrafusal fibers the normal muscle fibers
extrafusal fibers the muscle spindles
intrafusal fibers the normal muscle fibers

Explanation

Question 113 of 120

1

What do muscle spindles consist of

Select one of the following:

intrafusal fibres
nuclear bag
nuclear chain
All of the answers

Explanation

Question 114 of 120

1

Primary annulospiral and secondary flower spray sensory neurons serve what?

Select one of the following:

the intrafusal fibers
the extrfusal fibers
interneurons
Bipolar neurons

Explanation

Question 115 of 120

1

What do primary annulospiral sensory neurons respond to and where are they located

Select one of the following:

respond to onset of strecth and are located centrally
respond to onset of strecth and are located peripherally
respond to onset of flexion and are located centrally
respond to onset of pain and are located centrally

Explanation

Question 116 of 120

1

	Created by Jack Fawsitt almost 10 years ago

Principles and animal form and fucntion (Unit 1 Locomotion) Quiz on MULTIPLE CHOICE OF LOCOMOTION, created by Jack Fawsitt on 11/26/2016.

MULTIPLE CHOICE OF LOCOMOTION

Question 1 of 120

Motion of condylar joint and example

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 2 of 120

Label 1-7

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Explanation

Question 3 of 120

The mature neutrophil in mammalian blood smear can be distinguished from other cells by the presence of at least one very distinctive feature unique to this cell type. Which one of the following features best fits that description?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 4 of 120

The mature erythrocyte in a mammalian blood smear can be easily distinguished from all other cells by the presence of one of the most distinctive features unique to this cell type. Which one of the following features best fits this description?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 5 of 120

Which one of the following five histological features best characterizes the loose connective tissue?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 6 of 120

Which one of the following five features best characterizes the stratified squamous epithelium?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 7 of 120

Some animals in a herd of cattle may suffer from myophosphorylase deficiency. Which of the following five laboratory tests would best confirm your diagnosis?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 8 of 120

Which of the following correctly explains the mechanism by which a change in intracellular calcium concentration enables muscle contraction in skeletal muscle?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 9 of 120

Which of the following is a correct definition of a motor unit?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 10 of 120

Which of the following statements below concerning these two muscles is correct, assuming they are both of equal volume ?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 11 of 120

Complete the following sentence with the best match from below. “The mechanism by which horses protract their limbs…..”

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Explanation

Question 12 of 120

The fascicles that form the hierarchical structure of tendon and ligaments are composed mainly of

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 13 of 120

The graph below shows a typical stress-strain relationship for a tendon loaded to failure. The area under the curve (shown by vertical lines) represents

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 14 of 120

In which layer of the epidermis are melanocyte cell bodies usually present in pigmented skin?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 15 of 120

Which statement best describes the sebaceous gland?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 16 of 120

Which of the following best describes changes in chondrocyte behaviour during the endochondral ossification process?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 17 of 120

Which of the following best describes the relative abundance of these components in fresh articular cartilage?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 18 of 120

The predominant collagen fibre type in hyaline cartilage and bone are, respectively:

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 19 of 120

Which component of hyaline cartilage is responsible for retaining the large quantities of water? Water Collagens Proteoglycans Chondrocytes Other proteins

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 20 of 120

A neurone:

Which component of hyaline cartilage is responsible for retaining the large quantities of water?
Water
Collagens
Proteoglycans
Chondrocytes
Other proteins