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Why do we need a CVS? (______________ ________)
What method of _____ transport does the CVS rely on, and what does it involve?
What are the component of the CVS and what do they do? (4)
What is CO?
What is caused when there's an imbalance between R and L outputs?
Why do both HR and SV need to be raised if CO is to be raised?
What is the equation for flow? (DARCY'S LAW)
How can this be applied to blood flow?
How can this be rearranged to help us?
What is the first stage of the cardiac cycle?
When the ______ in the ventricles exceeds that in the atria, ________ close and ________ begins in a closed chamber. This is called _____________ ___________
The volume in the LEFT ventricle during isovolumetric contraction is called the ___ _______ _______. It is approx ____ml
Once the ______ in the ventricles is higher than that in the _____ and _________ _____, the _______ valves open and blood is ejected (rapidly at first, then slower).
The _____ in the _____ and ___________ _______ becomes higher than in the _______ so the ________ valves close. There is little blood in the ventricles at this point.
This is called __________ ________ and the volume remaining in the LEFT ventricle is called the ____ _______ _______ and is approx ___ml
What is the ejection fraction (EF), and what is it normally?
What would cause a low EF?
At which stages do rapid increases and decreases in LV pressure occur?
What determines the opening and closing of valves?
What does the A wave represent?
Why does the C wave show a slight increase in pressure?
What is the X wave showing?
What is the V wave?
What is the Y wave?
What does the width of the shape represent?
What does the area of the shape represent?
What do the vertical lines represent?
What is a simple way of working out the stroke work?
What is happening when we hear the traditional heart sounds?
What is S1?
What is S2?
When can a third heart sound sometimes be heard and why?
What is a 4th heart sound a sign of?
