How do lipid-soluble molecules (like steriods) generally move thru cell membranes?
Active transport
Co-transport with other lipids
Facilitated transport
Diffusion
None of the above (cannot do that)
Placing a cell in _____ is most likely to cause a decrease in cell volume?
a hypotonic bathing solution
a hypertonic bathing solution
acidic rain water
distilled water
alkaline (or basic) rain water
The dominant fiber type in dene connective tissue
epithelin
fibrin
collagen
fribrillin
elastin
The alveoli of the lungs are made of
stratified squamous ephithelia
columnar epithelia
transitional epithelia
simple squamous epithelia
Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by
a basement membrane
junctional complexes
intercellular glue
a fibrous netting
reticular fibers
All of the following are functions of epithelial tissues EXCEPT
Providing sensation
Controlling permeability
Producing specialized secretions
Providing physical protection
Providing connectivity between organs
The inter-cellular connection involving interlocking membrane proteins are
Tight junctions
Gap junctions
Desmosomes
Synaptisomes
Basement proteins
Mammary glands are most closely associated with ____ secretion
Holocrine
Apocrine
Merocrine
Endocrine
Acini Tubules
Adipocytes is most closely associated with
Endocrine cells
Exocrine cells
Fat cells
Cells of the immune system
Stem cells
When a fair-skinned person blushes, why does his or her skin turn red?
The blood supply to the skin decreases
The blood supply to the skin increases
The number of red melanocytes in the skin increases
Melanocytes increase the production of red pigments
Increased heat causes the skin to turn red
The reproducing cells of the skin are located in the
Surface
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum
An epidermal layer found only on the skin of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet is the
Stratum granulosum
According to your instructor, deadly melanoma is associated with _____
Artificial sweeteners
Artificial food coloring
Chronic stress
Tanning booths
Improper diet
What are the layers associated with the Dermis?
Papillary and subcutaneous
Subcutaneous and reticular
Papillary and reticular
Reticular and accessory
Accessory and subcutaneous
Which Epithelial Tissue (E.T.) type is most closely associated with the epidermis?
Stratified squamous
Simple squamous
Simple cubical
Simple columnar
It is connective tissue, not E.T.
Which three functional components underlie how responses to stimuli work?
Receptor, effector, motor
Motor, control center, feedback
Effector, control center, receptor
Feedback, effector, receptor
Control center, motor, feedback
From the choices below, identify the smallest functional unit considered "alive"
An animal
A cell
A membrane
An ion channel
an enzyme
Each of the following are cell types in connective tissue EXCEPT:
Muscle Cells
Mast Cells
Mesenchymal Cells
Microphages
Melanocytes
Two equal volumes (L and R) of water are separated by a screen with 1mm sized pores. A little sugar is added only to Side L. What would you see the next day?
Side L would have more sugar AND less water than side R
Side R would have more sugar AND less water than side L
Side L would have less sugar AND less water than side R
Both sides would have the same amount of sugar AND water
Both side would have the same amount of water, but Side L more sugar
If a substance has a pH that is less than 7, it is
Acidic
Basic
Alkaline
Buffered
Both B and C are correct
Which description below best describes all homeostatic processes?
Baseline values do not deviate over time
Negative feedback is essential
Positive feedback is essential
Baseline values are uncontrolled
Homeostasis is not auto regulated
Support, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage, and blood formation are functions of which system?
Skeletal
Connective tissue
Integumentary
Epithelial tissue
None of the above
The increasingly forceful labor contractions that lead to childbirth exemplify
Receptor activation
Effector shutdown
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
None of these
When body temperature falls, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to increase body temperature. This regulation mechanism is an example of
Non-homeostatic regulation
Diagnostic regulation
Disease
Your instructor presented the idea that all physiology is finally (ultimately, at its most basic and rock bottom level) reducible to:
Histology
Cytology
Microbiology
Biochemistry
Physics
An unstable isotope that emits subatomic particles spontaneously is called
A cation or anion
An X-ray
A gamma ray
A radioisotope
A death ray
The most common fat found in the body is in the form of
Steroids
Adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine triphosphate
Monoglycerides
Trigylcerides
A polysaccharide that is formed in the liver and muscle to store glucose is
Glycose
Glucagon
Glycogen
Glycocalyx
Starch
Glycolysis and Glucogenolysis are prime and classic examples of
Anabolism
Buffering process
Catabolism
Dynamic equilibria
Exchange reactions
What pathology is caused by a failure to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine
Albinism
PKU
Marfan's syndrome
Galactosemia
Psoriasis
If the amount of sodium ion in blood plasma decreases
The blood colloidal pressure will increase
The blood colloidal pressure will decrease
The blood osmotic pressure will stay the same
The blood osmotic pressure will decrease
The blood osmotic pressure will increase
Facilitated diffusion differs from ordinary diffusion in that facilitated diffusion
Limits the rate of molecular movement by limiting the number of available carrier molecules
Moves molecules from area of higher concentration to lower concentration
never eliminates the concentration gradient
Does not limit the rate of molecular movement by the number of available carrier molecules
Expends no ATP
Which suborganelle is most associated with protein synthesis in a cell?
Ribosomes
SER (A type of endoplasmic reticulum)
Lysosomes
Golgi Apparatus
During relaxation, muscles return to their original length NOT because of
Renshaw inhibition
Elastic forces
The pull of gravity
The contraction of opposing muscles
The elastic nature of the sarcolemma
At rest, active sites on the actin are blocked by
Myosin molecules
Calcium ions
ATP molecules
Troponin molecules
Tropomyosin molecules
Tropomyosin wraps (entwines) itself around which other muscle element?
Myosin
F-actin
Troponin
Titin
H-band
The 'power stroke' in skeletal muscle contraction is directly associated with:
Myosin head pivots at joint pulling action
AP movement down t-tubule
Calcium release from SR
AP movement along sarcolemma
Calcium binding to troponin
We can distinguish between sensations originating in different body areas because
Receptors from each body region synapse in specific brain regions
Sensory neurons carry only one type of information
Incoming sensory information is first assessed by the thalamus
Different types of sensory receptors produce different types of APs
Sensory neurons in different parts of the body are different from each other.
Diffusion across the Arachnoid Granulations return excess CSF to
The third ventricle
Arterial circulation
Venous circulation
The fourth ventricle
The central canal
Soon after a person dies (and loses all ATPs), Their skeletal muscles:
Flex with significant force
Stiffen from actin+myosin binding
Extend with significant force
Get smaller in volume
Get larger in volume
Each of the following are characteristics of smooth muscles EXCEPT:
Have small diameters and lengths compared with skeletal muscles
Have actin and myosin
Have autorhythmicity
Have striations
Little fatigue with prolong contraction
Which of the following is responsible for reciprocal inhibition?
Sensory neurons
Interneurons in the spinal cord
Extensor neurons
Motor neurons
Arrange the following steps involved in a reflex arc into proper sequence a. activation of a sensory neuron b. activation of a motor neuron c. response by an effector d. arrival of a stimulus and activation of a receptor e. information processing
D,E,A,B,C
A,B,C,E,D
D,A,B,C,E
E,B,C,D,A
People perceive different intensities of light when their brains receive different ___
Action potentials sned to various regions of their brain
Shapes of action potentials
Sizes of action potentials
Wavelengths of light
Rate of action potentials
Part of the brain most closely associated with emotions (e.g. pleasure, hunger) is:
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
The cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are in the:
Lateral gray horns of T1 through L2 region of the spinal cord
Brain stem and sacral areas of the spinal cord
Lateral gray horns of the cervical region of the spinal cord
Anterior gray horns of the entire spinal cord
Lateral gray horns of the entire spinal cord
Activity of the parasympathetic ANS mainly
Is directed towards different sets of organs than the sympathetic ANS
Is involved in "fight or flight" responses
Increases when someone turns into the "hulk"
Increase blood flow to the skeletal muscles
Increases while calmly digesting dinner
The cell bodies of the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are found in the:
Brain stem and lateral gray horns of the sacral areas of the spinal cord
Of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves, each one monitors a particular ____
Dermatome
Muscle
Organ
Brain region
Sensory modality (Like vision or hearing)
Large, multinucleated cells that can dissolve the bony matrix are termed
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Stem Cells
Chondrocytes
Appositional growth in bones is most closely related to growth in:
Bone length
Epiphyseal conversion
Bone diameter
Bone turnover
____ decreases the concentration of calcium in the blood
Calcitonin
Calcitrol
Parathyroid hormone
Vitamin D
Both B and D are correct
The "shaft" of a long bone is most closely associated with the
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Periosteum
Endochondrial
Appositional
Arrange the steps in the generation of an action potential into proper sequence a. sodium channels inactivated b. potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell c. sodium channels regain their normal properties d. graded depolarization brings area of excitable membrane to threshold e. a temporary hyperpolarization occurs f. sodium channel activation occurs g. sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs
d,f,g,a,b,c,e
a,b,e,c,d,f,g
b,d,e,f,g,a,c
d,a,g,e,f,b,c
d,e,a,c,b,f,g
During saltatory conduction, (APs=Action potentials)
APs move in all directions along an axon
Local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that APs continue to form along the membrane
APs produce a local current that is strong enough to spread along the length of the axon
Local potentials produce a continuous outward flow of potassium ions
APs occur between successive nodes along the length of stimulated axon
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is associated with a loss of myelin. MS may then involve:
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal
Renshaw neurons
The later part of the rising (depolarizing) phase of the action potential is mediated by a(n) ____ ion membrane channel
Ligand-gated
Voltage-gated
Leak
Active pump
Facilitated diffusion
Which of the following is TRUE of a graded potential?
The potential is propagated with a constant magnitude
The potential is all-or-none
Stimulus causes ion channels to open changing membrane permeability
No summation of potentials occurs
The potential has a refractory period
Opening of Na+ channels in the membrane of a neuron normally results in
Hyperpolarization
Repolarization
Depolarization
Increased negative charge inside neuron
A resting (trans)membrane potential of a cell has a value of approximately
-9V
+9V
0mV
+70mV
-70mV
What prevents the action potential from traveling in both directions down an axon?
The resting potential
Ligand-gated channels
Graded potentials
The refractory period
Leak channels
A person whose genetic makeup or training makes them a better SPRINTER than a marathon runner has ___ in their leg muscles
More red muscle fibers
More white muscles fibers
More noncontractile fibers
Equal amounts of red and white m. fibers
Less myoglobin than hemoglobin
The smooth but steady increase in muscle tension (sub maximally) produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called:
Recruitment
Tetany
A twitch
Relaxation
Recovery
____ is involved in BOTH synaptic transmission and excitation-contraction coupling?
Mysoin
Chloride
Calcium
Tropomyosin
T-tubules
Which striated muscle band is directly adjacent to the Z-line (or Z-disk)?
A-band
T-band
M-band
I-band
Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Cardiac output is equal to:
difference between diastolic volume and systolic volume
product of heart rate and stroke volume
difference between stroke volume and rest and during exercise
stroke volume minus systolic volume
product of heart rate and BP
According to Frank Starling's heart law, cardiac output is directly related to
the size of the ventricle
heart rate
venous return
thickness of myocardium
amount of blood in circulatory system
Red blood cell production is regulated primarily by the hormone
Thymosin
Angiotensin
Erythropoietin (EPO)
ACTH
LH
The part of the cardiac cycle associated with relaxation of the ventricles and filling of the atria is:
ventricular diastole
Ventricular systole
early ventricular diastole
late ventricular diastole
atrium systole
An example of a hormone that functions as a vasoconstritor is:
histamine
prostoglandin
bradykinin
serotonin
adrenaline
Which change will NOT result in increased blood flow to a tissue?
increased blood volume
decreased vessel diameter
increased blood pressure
decreased peripheral resistance
relaxation of precapillary sphincters
Which of the responses below is NOT true of Kwashiorkor Edema?
involves a blockage of lymphatic ducts
involves a lowering or plasma protein
involves an increase of interstitial volume
involves poor nutrition
involves alterations in osmotic pressure
Excess secretion of growth hormone AFTER puberty will cause
dwarfism
cancer
gigantism
acromegaly
diabetes
STEROIDS ARE KNOWN TO BE RELEASE INTO THE BLOODSTREAM FROM THE
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
pancreas
adrenal cortex
The hormone that is antagonist of calcitonin is
insulin
glucagon
growth hormone
parathyroid hormone
Thyroxin (T4)
Excessive immune responses to antigens are
immunodeficiency disease
characteristic of AIDS
common in the elderly
characteristics of HIV infection
allergies
Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for which of the following changes that occur during inflammation?
redness of the inflamed tissue
swelling of the inflamed tissue
heat of the inflamed tissue
the localization of proteins and cells necessary for body defense
all of the above
Blood osmotic pressure is most affected by changes in the
concentration of plasmas sodium ions
concentration of plasma waste glucose
concentration of plasma waste products
concentration of plasma proteins
number of white blood cells
In response to hemorrhage, there is a
mobilization of the venous reserve
increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart
decreased sympathetic stimulation
decreased vasomotor tone and increased parasympathetic stimulation of heart
decreased vasomotor tone and decreased sympathetic stimulation of the heart
Edema would be likely to form
the concentration of protein in the blood increases
hemorrhage occurs
the heart insufficient pressure pumping
blood hydrostatic pressure in the capillary decreases outward flow of fluid
blood hydrostatic pressure in capillary is less than blood osmotic pressure
The cells responsible for the production of circulating antibodies are
Natural killer cells
plasma cells
helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
supressor T cells
The body's largest lymphatic tissue is the:
thyroid
thymus
thalamus
spleen
With a patient being thin, nervous, with protruding eye (balls), you are thinking that
they suffer from Graves disease
they suffer from myxedema
they suffer from cretinism
they suffer from acromegaly
they suffer from hyroencephaly
Depolarization in the cochlear hair cell will occur if the sterocilia moves (bends)
up towards the tectoral membrane
down towards the basilar membrane
sideways towards the taller sterocilia
sideways towards the shorter sterocilia
back and forth sideways (both C and D)
Different pitches (frequencies) of sounds are discriminated in cochlea through
stimulating/vibrating different types/classes of sterocilia
stimulating/vibrating different classes of hair cells
stimulating/vibrating different types/ classes of ion channels
stimulating/vibrating different auditory canals or membranes
stimulating/vibrating different patches of the basilar membrane
The round-ish lens shape in the most closely associated with focusing on a
bright object
dim object
close object
distant object
both B and D are correct
A drifting blood clot is called an
embolus
thrombus
plaque
coagulant
platelet plug
The left and right pulmonary veins carry blood to the
right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle
lungs
The heart sound is heard when
the semilunar valves open
the atria contract
valves open
valves close
blood enter the aorta
Aged and broken down erythrocytes are broken down by the ____
yellow bone marrow
kidneys
digestive tract
thymus gland
The heart valve occurring between the LA and LV is called the ____ valve
aortic (semilunar)
pulmonary semilunar
triscuspid
aortic tricuspid
mitral (bicuspid)
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is also known as
non insulin dependent
type I
type II
type III
diabetes insipidus
The sclera is most closely associated with the
retina
pupil
iris
white-ish part of the eyeball
lens ligaments
Anemia is most closely associated with
high levels of oxygen in tissues
hematocrit value of less than 40
low levels of carbon dioxide in tissues
hematocrit value of more than 40
hematocrit value of more than 50
The Pitiarty hormeon that mots specifically promotes egg development in ovaries and sper developmetn in testes is
TSH
FSH
prolactin
GH (or HGH) (or HGHRH)
In human photoreceptors, to what does "dark current" refer?
The movement of sodium ion INTO photoreceptors in complete darkness
The movement of sodium ions OUT OF photoreceptors in complete darkness
The movement of cGMP INTO photoreceptors in complete darkness
The movement of cGMP OUT OF photoreceptors in complete darkness
The movement of
The structure that separates the cholera duct from the tympanic duct is the
Tectorial membrane
basilar membrane
vestiblar duct
organ of Corti
tympanic membrane
An inability for the body to clot (prevent flow out of) blood is most closely associated with
thalassemia
hemophilia
diapedesis
hemostasemia
leukemia