Anatomy and Physiology 2 Final Exam

What type of imbalance leads to Diabetes insipidus, what is the general cause of the balance and the symptoms?

What imbalance causes Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH) and what are the symptoms?

Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone (GH) results in?

Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone (GH) in adults results in?

Hyposecretion ofGrowth Hormone (GH) in children leads to?

Myxedemia

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Endemic Goiter

Cretinism

Graves' Disease

Hyperparathyroidism due to tumor

Hypoparathyroidism

Aldosteronism

Addison's Disease

Cushing's Syndrome

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

Diabetes mellitus signs

Hypoglycemia

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone

Growth Hormone
aka Somatotropin

Gherlin

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Adrencorticotrpic Hormone
(ACTH)

Gonadotropins in females

Gonadotropins in males

Prolactin
(PRL)

Thyroid hormone

Calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone

Aldosterone

Cortisol

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Melatonin

Glucagon

Insulin

Estrogen

Testosterone

Leptin

Resistin

Adiponectin

Gastrin

Secretin

Cholecystokinin

Seratonin

– Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Erythropoietin

Renin

Anemia

Hemorrhagic anemia

• Chronic hemorrhagic anemia

Iron deficiency anemia

Pernicious anemia

Renal anemia

Aplastic anemia

Hemolytic anemia

• Thalassemias

Hemoglobin S

– Sickle-cell anemia

• Polycythemia vera

• Secondary polycythemia

Leukopenia

Leukocytosis

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Leukemia

Acute leukemia

Leukemia

Infectious mononeucleosis

Thrombocytopenia

Hemophilia A

Hemophilia B

Hemophilia C

Disemminated Intravascular Coagulation
(DIC)

Hemolytic Disease of the newborn
aka Erythroblastosis fetalis

Transfusion reactions

Pericarditis

**Pathway of blood through the heart

Incompetent valve

Valvular stenosis

Angina pectoris

Myocardial infarction

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Atriventricular (AV) node

Arrhythmias

Fibrillations

Ectopic focus

Heart block

Main Factors Effecting Stroke Volume

Stroke Volume:
Preload

Stroke Volume:
Contractility

Stroke Volume:
Afterload

Extrinsic factors effecting Stroke Volume

Hypocalcemia

Hypercalcemia

Hypokalemia

Hyperkalemia

Tachycardia

Bradycardia

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Purpose of valves

Arteries

Veins

Factors aiding venous return

Hypertension

Othostatic hypotension

Chronic hypotension

Acute hypotension

Hypovolemic shock

Vascular shock

Cardiogenic shock

Three important sources of peripheral resistance

As resistance increases, blood flow ____________

As resistance decreases, blood flow ______________

As resistance increases, blood pressure __________

As resistance decreases, blood pressure ___________

Baroreceptor Reflexes

Chemoreceptor reflexes

Norepinephrineand epinephrine effects on blood pressure

Antidiuretic hormone effects on blood pressure

Angiotensin II effects on blood pressure

ANP effects blood pressure

Nitric oxide effects blood pressure

Alcohol effects blood pressure

Direct Renal Regulation effects on blood pressure

Renal Regulation:
Indirect mechanism

Lymph Nodes

Spleen

Thymus

Mucosa-associated Lymphod Tissue
(MALT)

Tonsils

Peyers patches

Appendix

T Cell Maturation
(Becoming immunocompetent)

B cell maturation

Activation of B and T cells

IgM

IgA

IgD

IgG

IgE

Antibody Mechanisms

Cytotoxic T cells

Natural Killer Cells

Helper T cells

Innate Immune System Defenses

Autoimmune diseases

Mechanisms of Autoimmune Disease

Hypersensitivities

Immediate (accute) Hypersensitivity

Subacute Hypersensitivites:
Cytotoxic (Type II) Reactions

Subacute hypersensitivities:
Immune complex (Type III)hypersensitivity

Delayed hypersensitivities:
Type IV

AIDS

Hodgkin's Disease

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Rhinitis

Atelectasis

Inspiration

Expiration

Asthma/Allergies

Hypoxia

Anemic hypoxia

Ischemix hypoxia

Histotoxic hypoxia

Hypoxemic hypoxia

Carbon monoxide poisoning

COPD

Chronic bronchitis

Emphysema

Asthma

Tuberculosis

Lung Cancer

Lung Cancer:
Adenocarcinoma

Squamous cell Carcinoma

Small cell carcinoma

Cystic Fibrosis

Increased altitude leads to _____ atmospheric pressure

Acute Mountain Sickness

Unloading of O2

Carbohydrates are mechanically digested in ____________

Lipids are mechanically digested in __________

Proteins are mechanically digested in ________________

Carbohydrates are chemically digested in ____________

Lipids are chemically digested in ____________

Proteins are chemically digested in ___________

Chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach

Secretin

Cholecystokinan

Gastrin

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Carbohydrate Absorption

Dental Caries
(Cavities)

Gingivitis

Periodontitis

Gastritis

Peptic Ulcer

GERD

Hepatitis

Cirrhosis

Gallstones

Diverticulitis

Celiac disease

Colon Cancer

Effects of Angiotensin II

Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism

Pyelitis

Pyelonephritis

Renal failure

Kidney Stone

Urinary tract infection

incontinence

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Metabolic Acidosis

Metabolic alkalosis

Respiratory acidoses

Respiratory alkalosis

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Prostatitis

Prostate cancer

Breast Cancer

Ectopic Pregnancy

Gonorrhea

Syphilis

Chlamydia

Genital Warts

Genital Herpes

Oogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Ovarian Cycle

Follicular Phase of Ovarian Cycle

Ovarian Cycle: Ovulation

Luteal Phase of Ovarian Cycle

Aldosterone effects on Sodium Balance

ANP Effects on Sodium Balance

Aldosterone Effect on Potassium

Estrogen Effect on Sodium

Progesterone Effect on Sodium

Glococorticoids (cortisol) Effect on Sodium

Hormones that increase sodium reabsorption

Hormones that cause excretion or inhibits reabsorption of sodium

Considerations regarding the ability to kill microbes

Action of Antimicrobial Agents:
Alteration of membrane permeability

Action of Antimicrobial Agents:
Denature proteins

Action of Antimicrobial Agents:
Damage nucleic acids

Physical Methods of Microbial Control: Heat

Physical Methods of Microbial Control: Cold

Physical Methods of Microbial Control: Drying

Physical Methods of Microbial Control: Filtration

Physical Methods of Microbial Control: Osmotic pressure

Physical Methods of Microbial Control: Radiation

Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Phenol/Phenolics

Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Soap and detergents

Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Alcohol

Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: heavy metals

Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Chlorine

Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Iodine and Iodaphors

Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Aldehydes

Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Gaseous sterilizers

Chemical Methods of Microbial Control: Hydrogen peroxide

Compound 606

Prontosil

Alexander Flemming

- Howard Florey & Ernst Chain

- Selman Wacksman

Antibiotic

Antimicrobial Drug

Ideal qualities of an antibiotic/antimicrobial drug

Targets of antibiotics/antimicrobial drugs

Narrow spectrum antibiotic/antimicrobial drug

Broad spectrum antibiotic/antimicrobial drug.

How to determine which antibiotic/antimicrobial drug to use.