203: LECT 6

Question 1 of 19

1

Which features of ionising radiation is incorrect?

Select one of the following:

X/gamma rays have energy to break bonds.
Damage to DNA bases.
Water is the main target for ionising radiation.
Water breaks into H and OH radical with OH and ionising radiation go on to break DNA strands.

Explanation

Question 2 of 19

1

What are all the effects of death of endothelial cells

Select one or more of the following:

Ulceration
Scarring
Atrophy (shrinkage) of surrounding tissue
Inflammation and chronic pain

Explanation

Question 3 of 19

1

Which is not a feature of UV radiation to damage of DNA?

Select one of the following:

Damage to DNA bases where adjacent C-T become linked.
The DNA strand will break.
Misrepair generates C to T point mutations leading to cancer development
More damage leads to death of keratinocytes (peeling sunburn)

Explanation

Question 4 of 19

1

The chemical factor to damage to DNA -Alkylation is:

Select one or more of the following:

Fungal product aflatoxin B1 accumulates in poorly stored food (in underdeveloped countries).
Metabolites react covalently (alkylate) with proteins to cause liver injury ; acutely at high doses.
Metabolites alkylate DNA hence G to T mutations = liver cancer= chronic and low doses.
Folic acid further damages the DNA.
The crystals puncture the membranes.

Explanation

Question 5 of 19

1

Which is a feature of biological dietary deficiency - DNA?

Select one of the following:

Autoimmune gastritis lack intrinsic factor prevents B12 absorption.
Proteins cause liver injury acutely
Inflammasomes generate severe inflammation.
Hydrogen peroxide will be detoxifed to catalase to oxygen and water.

Explanation

Question 6 of 19

1

Which is not a feature of chemical damage to lipids?

Select one of the following:

Cells take up crystals into lysosomes.
Crystals puncture lysosome membrane.
Damaged mitochondria cannot reduce oxygen completely.
Inflammasomes activated.

Explanation

Question 7 of 19

1

ROS and RNS are not free radicals?

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 8 of 19

1

Which is not an oxidative reaction in the chemical factor of damage to lipids?

Select one of the following:

Superoxide (O2-) - detoxed by superoxide dismutase
Hydrogen peroxide - detoxed by catalase
Oxygen therapy - exposure to premature babies
Hydroxyl radical - OH.

Explanation

Question 9 of 19

1

Which of these does not contribute to injury of cell via ROS?

Select one of the following:

Oxygen therapy
Inflammation
Megablastic anaemia
Damaged mitochondria
UV radiation
Radiotherapy

Explanation

Question 10 of 19

1

How does acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis occur?
Biological lipase factor

Select one of the following:

Proteolytic cleavage of ECM proteins
The p53 transcription factor
Damage to exocrine cells which synthesise digestive enzymes or block ducts that these enzymes travel to duodenum by
Prolonged heat exposure

Explanation

Question 11 of 19

1

Which is not a consequence of heat exposure in proteins?

Select one of the following:

High fever
Heat stroke
Malignant hyperthermia
Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis

Explanation

Question 12 of 19

1

Is the Maillard reaction the enzymatic addition of sugars to proteins?

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 13 of 19

1

Which of the following is not a result of the reaction occurring between reducing sugars and amino groups?

Select one of the following:

Reversible early stage Schiff bases
Irreversible rearrangements to Amadori products.
Further rearrangements to advanced glycation end products (AGE).
Nrf transcription factors.

Explanation

Question 14 of 19

1

How do AGE injure cells?

Select one or more of the following:

Inhibit protein function
Cross linking and precipitating proteins (blocking axon transport in neurons)
Generating ROS
Binding to receptors of AGE (RAGE) on vascular and inflammatory cells that reduce blood flow and cause inflammation.
The enzymatic addition of sugars to proteins.

Explanation

Question 15 of 19

1

Does AGE accumulate during ageing, diabetes, and chronic inflammation?

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 16 of 19

1

When and where does proteolytic cleavage occur during inflammation when proteins are damaged?
Biological factor

Select one of the following:

Collagen in arthritis
Elastin in emphysema
Laminin during cancer invasion
Blood vessel damage behind eye during retinopathy

Explanation

Question 17 of 19

1

Which factor does acute intracellular oedema (hydropic change) not affect the cells regulation of ion concentration in cytoplasm?

Select one of the following:

Plasma membranes permeable to Na+ hence K+ leaks out (Na+ in) hence cell swells.
ATP synthesis disrupted, Na+/K+ ATPase inhibited
Na+ pump damaged
Cell shrinks due to excess water loss

Explanation

Question 18 of 19

1

Does abnormalities in capacity of cells to recycle components result in the non-accumulation of products such as fat and glycogen?

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 19 of 19

1

When there are fatty changes in liver cell what does not happen when the triglycerides accumulate?

Select one of the following:

In normal liver cells they cannot metabolise increased fatty acids conc. coming from adipose tissue (diabetes)
In abnormal liver cells they have a decreased ability to oxidise fatty acids (alcohol damage)
In abnormal liver cells have decreased ability to export triglycerides compounded with lipid-acceptor proteins i.e. VLDL leading to malnutrition, kwashiorkor - not enough proteins and more fat.
In normal liver cells they cannot transport more of the fat from the tissue to urine and therefore leading to blockage.

	Created by Kaaj Pala about 7 years ago

Cell injury and reversible effects on cells.

203: LECT 6

Question 1 of 19

Which features of ionising radiation is incorrect?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 2 of 19

What are all the effects of death of endothelial cells

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 3 of 19

Which is not a feature of UV radiation to damage of DNA?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 4 of 19

The chemical factor to damage to DNA -Alkylation is:

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 5 of 19

Which is a feature of biological dietary deficiency - DNA?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 6 of 19

Which is not a feature of chemical damage to lipids?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 7 of 19

ROS and RNS are not free radicals?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 8 of 19

Which is not an oxidative reaction in the chemical factor of damage to lipids?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 9 of 19

Which of these does not contribute to injury of cell via ROS?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 10 of 19

How does acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis occur? Biological lipase factor

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 11 of 19

Which is not a consequence of heat exposure in proteins?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 12 of 19

Is the Maillard reaction the enzymatic addition of sugars to proteins?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 13 of 19

Which of the following is not a result of the reaction occurring between reducing sugars and amino groups?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 14 of 19

How do AGE injure cells?

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 15 of 19

Does AGE accumulate during ageing, diabetes, and chronic inflammation?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 16 of 19

When and where does proteolytic cleavage occur during inflammation when proteins are damaged? Biological factor

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 17 of 19

Which factor does acute intracellular oedema (hydropic change) not affect the cells regulation of ion concentration in cytoplasm?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 18 of 19

Does abnormalities in capacity of cells to recycle components result in the non-accumulation of products such as fat and glycogen?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 19 of 19

When there are fatty changes in liver cell what does not happen when the triglycerides accumulate?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

How does acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis occur?
Biological lipase factor

When and where does proteolytic cleavage occur during inflammation when proteins are damaged?
Biological factor