Grace Fawcitt
Quiz by , created more than 1 year ago

AQA Psychology Research Methods quiz for AS. Covers all topics in the AQA Psychology textbook, including researchers, evaluations and theories. Made for my own benefit, so not all questions will help you out, but feel free to use.

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Grace Fawcitt
Created by Grace Fawcitt almost 7 years ago
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Research Methods Quiz- Psychology (AS)

Research Methods Quiz- Psychology (AS)

Question 1 of 62

1

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Aim: a general ( statement, conclusion, idea ) of what the researcher intends to investigate- the ( purpose, outcome, conclusion ) of the study. Hypothesis: a ( testable, untestable ) statement that states the relationship between the ( variables, beliefs, data ) being investigated.

Explanation

Question 2 of 62

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A directional hypothesis: states what kind of difference there will be between the ( variables, outcomes, researchers, conclusions ). They often include words like 'more' or 'less' e.g. People who drink caffeine will be more intelligent than people who don't. A non-directional hypothesis: simply states that there will be a difference, but not the ( type, outcome, conclusion ) e.g. People who drink more caffeine will differ in terms of intelligence when compared to people who don't drink caffeine.

Explanation

Question 3 of 62

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Researchers usually use directional hypotheses when previous research suggests no particular outcome. When previous research suggests a particular outcome, they'd use a non-directional hypothesis.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 4 of 62

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In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the variable and records the effect of this change on the variable.

Explanation

Question 5 of 62

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Levels of the IV: the condition (e.g. No caffeine/ drink of water), the condition (caffeine). An effective directional hypothesis should distinguish between the IV and DV e.g. The group who drink caffeine will be more intelligent than the group who drink water. The only issue with this hypothesis is that it doesn't include the of the variables (explained in other question)

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    control
    experimental
    operationalisation

Explanation

Question 6 of 62

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Operationalisation of variables includes ensuring the variables being investigated are ( measurable, immeasurable, subjective, confounding ) and therefore unfuzzy, e.g. Participants who drink 200ml of coffee in one hour can answer 5 more questions in a 20 minute period than participants who drink 200ml of water in one hour.

Explanation

Question 7 of 62

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Extraneous variables: any variable other than the ( IV, DV, CV ) which may have an effect on the ( DV, IV, CV ). They ( do not vary, vary ) systematically with the IV. Confounding variables: any variable other than the ( IV, EV, DV ) which may have affected the ( DV, IV, EV ) so we are unsure of the true source of the changes to the DV. They ( vary, do not vary ) systematically with the IV.

Explanation

Question 8 of 62

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Demand characteristics: in which the participant guesses the ( aim, outcome, conclusion ) of a study, and then acts accordingly e.g. As they believe they are ( expected, not expected ) to behave, or try to over-perform to ( please, irritate, obey ) the researcher.

Explanation

Question 9 of 62

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Investigator effects: how the ( researcher, participant, general public, expected )'s behaviour influences a participant's behaviour e.g. Smiling at certain participants but not others. It can also refer to the ( actions, beliefs, opinions ) of the researcher related to the study design e.g. Selection of participants, the materials, the instructions etc. ( Leading, Open, Closed ) questions are also an example of investigator effects

Explanation

Question 10 of 62

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Which technique is used to minimise the effects of extraneous/confounding variables on an outcome?

Select one of the following:

  • Operationalisation

  • Randomisation

  • Demand characteristics

  • Leading questions

Explanation

Question 11 of 62

1

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( Randomisation, Operationalisation ) refers to the use of ( chance, objectivity, rigid structure, researcher involvement, participant involvement ) wherever possible during an experiment to reduce investigator effects. For example, if participants must recall word from a list, the list should be randomly generated- the position is not chosen by the experimenter.

Explanation

Question 12 of 62

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Standardisation: all participants must have ( the same, a different, a similar ) environment, information and experience. This includes standardised ( instructions, beliefs, ideas, outcomes ).

Explanation

Question 13 of 62

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Experimental Design: 1. ( Independent, Repeated, Matched ) groups: ( two, three ) separate groups, one group does control condition, other does experimental condition. Results are compared. 2. ( Repeated, Independent, Matched ) measures: ( one group, two groups ), does both the control condition and the experimental condition. Results are compared. 3. Matched pairs: choosing one group, then choosing another to ( match, contrast, compete against ) participants in the first group (e.g. Based on IQ, culture etc.) One group does control condition, other does experimental condition. Results are compared.

Explanation

Question 14 of 62

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Name two advantages of the independent group design

Select one or more of the following:

  • Order effects are not a problem

  • Participants less likely to guess aims

  • Cost- effective

  • Lack of participant variables

Explanation

Question 15 of 62

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Name two disadvantages of the independent groups design

Select one or more of the following:

  • Quite expensive

  • Participant variables

  • Order effects

  • Easy to guess aims

Explanation

Question 16 of 62

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Name two advantages of the repeated measures design

Select one or more of the following:

  • Fewer participant variables

  • Cheaper

  • Fewer order effects

  • No demand characteristics

Explanation

Question 17 of 62

1

Name two disadvantages of the repeated measures design

Select one or more of the following:

  • Order effects

  • Demand characteristics

  • Expensive

  • Participant variables

Explanation

Question 18 of 62

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Name two advantages of the matched pairs design

Select one or more of the following:

  • No order effects

  • Fewer demand characteristics

  • Cheaper and faster

  • No participant variables

Explanation

Question 19 of 62

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Name two disadvantages of the matched pairs design

Select one or more of the following:

  • Some participant variables

  • More expensive and time consuming

  • Order effects

  • Demand characteristics

Explanation

Question 20 of 62

1

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allocation: allocating participants randomly to the conditions. This should evenly distribute participant characteristics (e.g. Names in a hat). -balancing: half participants take part in condition A then B, the other half do B then A. This helps control effect, although it doesn't remove them entirely.

Explanation

Question 21 of 62

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Lab experiment: takes place in a environment in which the manipulates the , while maintaining of the extraneous variables.

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    controlled
    natural
    abnormal
    researcher
    environment
    IV
    DV
    CV
    PV
    EV
    strict control
    moderate control
    no control

Explanation

Question 22 of 62

1

Field experiment: takes place in a setting in which the manipulates the IV.

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    natural
    lab
    outdoor
    field
    controlled
    researcher
    environment
    general public

Explanation

Question 23 of 62

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Natural experiment: takes place in a setting in which the change in the IV brought about by the , but would occurred anyway.

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    natural
    lab
    controlled
    well-populated
    is not
    is
    researcher
    environment
    general public

Explanation

Question 24 of 62

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Quasi experiment: there is of the IV, it exists anyway (e.g. Age or gender)

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    no manipulation
    manipulation
    minimal manipulation

Explanation

Question 25 of 62

1

Name three advantages of lab experiments

Select one or more of the following:

  • Control over variables

  • Easily replicable

  • High internal validity

  • Easy to generalise

  • High external validity

  • No demand characteristics

Explanation

Question 26 of 62

1

Name four disadvantages of lab experiments

Select one or more of the following:

  • Low external validity

  • Low internal validity

  • Too artificial

  • Difficult to generalise

  • Demand characteristics

  • Participant variables more likely

  • Lack of control

  • Difficult to replicate

Explanation

Question 27 of 62

1

Name two advantages of field experiments

Select one or more of the following:

  • More natural environment

  • More controlled environment

  • High external validity

  • High internal validity

Explanation

Question 28 of 62

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Name two disadvantages of field experiments

Select one or more of the following:

  • Ethical issues- no consent

  • Lack of control

  • Too artificial

  • Low external validity

Explanation

Question 29 of 62

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Name two advantages of natural experiments

Select one or more of the following:

  • High external validity

  • High internal validity

  • Provide opportunities that are normally impossible

  • Easy to generalise

Explanation

Question 30 of 62

1

Name two disadvantages of natural experiments

Select one or more of the following:

  • Difficult to generalise

  • Can't randomly allocate

  • Low external validity

  • Too artificial

Explanation

Question 31 of 62

1

Name an advantage of quasi experiments

Select one or more of the following:

  • Carried out in controlled conditions

  • Carried out in natural environment

  • Easy to identify cause and effect

  • Few confounding variables

Explanation

Question 32 of 62

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Name a disadvantage of quasi experiments

Select one or more of the following:

  • Cannot randomly allocate

  • Lack of control

  • Difficult to replicate

Explanation

Question 33 of 62

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The target population: a ( subset, type, sample ) of general population e.g. Male students for Idaho. The sample: a small group that is ideally representative of the ( target, general ) population.

Explanation

Question 34 of 62

1

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Random sampling: ( all, most, some, half of the ) members of target population ( have equal, haven't got an equal ) chance of being selected. Each person is added to a list and then given a number, and the sample is generated via a ( computer, researcher ) (e.g. Computer-based randomiser)

Explanation

Question 35 of 62

1

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Systematic sampling: every ( nth, single, other ) person is selected e.g. Every 5th pupil on a school register. A sampling frame (alphabetised list of target population) is produced and every nth person is selected.

Explanation

Question 36 of 62

1

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Stratified sampling: the sample reflects the proportions of people in particular sub-groups (( strata, omega, gamma, stratifiers )). The researcher calculates what percentage each strata is of the ( general population, world, target population ) (e.g. 40% female) and then participants are ( randomly, systematically ) sampled accordingly. With reference to the example above, if you were to have 20 participants, 8 would need to be female in order to be representative.

Explanation

Question 37 of 62

1

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Opportunity sampling: selecting anyone who is ( willing, unwilling, randomly sampled ) and able to participate.

Explanation

Question 38 of 62

1

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Volunteer sampling: involves the researcher advertising the study, and participants selecting ( themselves, others, the researcher ) to take part (volunteer)z

Explanation

Question 39 of 62

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Name and advantage of random sampling

Select one or more of the following:

  • Free from researcher bias

  • Quick and easy to do

  • Very representative

Explanation

Question 40 of 62

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Name three disadvantages of random sampling

Select one or more of the following:

  • Difficult and time consuming

  • Sample can still be unrepresentative

  • Participants can refuse to take part

  • Researcher bias can affect sample

Explanation

Question 41 of 62

1

Name two advantages of systematic sampling

Select one or more of the following:

  • Avoids researcher bias

  • Quite representative

  • Entirely representative

Explanation

Question 42 of 62

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Name two advantages of stratified sampling

Select one or more of the following:

  • Avoids researcher bias

  • Representative sample

  • Strata identifies all ways people are different

Explanation

Question 43 of 62

1

Name a disadvantage of stratified sampling

Select one or more of the following:

  • Complete representation impossible

  • Not representative

  • Researcher bias

Explanation

Question 44 of 62

1

Name an advantage of opportunity sampling

Select one or more of the following:

  • Convenient

  • Representative

  • Avoids researcher bias

Explanation

Question 45 of 62

1

Name two disadvantages of opportunity sampling

Select one or more of the following:

  • Researcher bias

  • Unrepresentative

  • Inconvenient

  • Expensive+ time consuming

Explanation

Question 46 of 62

1

Name an advantage of volunteer sampling

Select one or more of the following:

  • Easy+ quick

  • Representative

  • Easy to generalise

Explanation

Question 47 of 62

1

Name a disadvantage of volunteer sampling

Select one or more of the following:

  • Volunteer bias

  • Researcher bias

  • Time consuming

Explanation

Question 48 of 62

1

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Informed consent: making participants aware of the ( aims, beliefs, researcher's name ), procedures, their ( rights, lack of rights ) and the use of the data. It can make a study seem ( unnatural, more natural ) if the participant knows the aims.

Explanation

Question 49 of 62

1

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Deception: ( deliberately, accidentally ) misleading or withholding information. This means participants can't ( give informed consent, behave naturally, interact adequately ). It can be justified if it means participants' behaviour is more ( natural, artificial ) and they are not suffering.

Explanation

Question 50 of 62

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Protection from ( harm, help, researcher, public ): participants should not suffer any form of harm during the experiment. The harm can be psychological e.g. Feeling embarrassed, guilty or inadequate.

Explanation

Question 51 of 62

1

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Privacy: ( participants, researchers, the general public ) control information about themselves. Confidentiality: this involves the right to have our ( personal, medical, educational, public ) data protected.

Explanation

Question 52 of 62

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To deal with informed consent, researchers should send a consent ( letter, demand, order ), and only go ahead when this is signed.

Explanation

Question 53 of 62

1

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Dealing with protection from harm and deception: ( debriefing, standardisation, operationalisation, sampling ) can be used to ensure the participants know the aims and ( details, problems ) of the study. It should also reassure participants that they have the right to ( withhold, enclose all ) information, and that they can be provided counselling if necessary.

Explanation

Question 54 of 62

1

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Dealing with confidentiality: this often done by referring to participants by ( numbers, first names, last names ) or ( initials, code names ). They are also reminded during debriefing that their data will be protected throughout.

Explanation

Question 55 of 62

1

A pilot study is a small-scale version of the actual investigation.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 56 of 62

1

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Pilot studies often use ( fewer, more, male, female ) participants, and are utilised to test if the ( investigation, aim, hypothesis ) runs smoothly. This also involves identifying any ( issues, positives, participants ) so they can be modified in order to save time and money in the future.

Explanation

Question 57 of 62

1

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Single blind trial: only ( researcher, participant ) knows aim, controls ( demand characteristics, participant variables, order effects, researcher bias ). Double blind trial: both researcher and participant ( don't know, know )aim, preventing demand characteristics and ( investigator effects, participant variables, order effects ).

Explanation

Question 58 of 62

1

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Control group: group of participants whose purpose is for ( comparison, proof, results, highlighting change in DV ). The experiment group tests the effects of changing the IV, and this is compared to results from the control group.

Explanation

Question 59 of 62

1

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Naturalistic observation: watching and recording behaviour in the setting in which it would ( normally, not normally, never ) be performed. Controlled observation: watching and recording behaviour within a ( structured, natural ) environment e.g. In which some variables are managed

Explanation

Question 60 of 62

1

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Covert observation: participants' behaviour is recorded and watched ( without, with ) their knowledge or consent. Overt observation: participants' behaviour is recorded and watched ( with, without ) their knowledge and consent

Explanation

Question 61 of 62

1

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Participant observation: researcher ( becomes, doesn't become ) member of group whose behaviour he/she is recording. Non-participant observation: researcher ( doesn't become, becomes )a member of group whose behaviour he/she is recording.

Explanation

Question 62 of 62

1

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Naturalistic observations have high ( external, internal ) validity as findings ( can, can't ) be generalised to everyday life. Lack of control decreases ( replicability, generalisability ) and extraneous variables could also be present. Controlled observations ( can't, can ) be easily generalised, but extraneous variables are ( less, more ) common so replication is ( easier, harder )

Explanation

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