Which of the following is not a part of the internal validity checks researchers evaluate before declaring a true association?
Confounding
Bias
Statistical significance
Generalizability
A researcher is beginning an experiment to study the association between depression and rejection from medical school. He begins with choosing his observational and experimental groups. The observational group comes from first year medical students at KCUMB. In the experimental (Rejection) group, he only includes students who attended either Harvard and National American University. What kind of bias is in this study by his poor planning alone?
Selection Bias
Measurement Bias
Generalizability Bias
Internal Validity
For studies that measure the association between exposure and outcomes, non-differential misclassification has what effect on the risk ratio?
Decreases the RR
Increases the RR
Has no effect on the RR, only the OR
Brings it closer to 1.0
Differential misclassification bias can either inflate or attenuate the effect estimates of association in relation to 1.0
Which of the following is not part of the observer-related measurement biases?
Interviewer (Proficiency) bias
Diagnosis/Surveillance (Expectation bias)
Contamination bias
Which term describes a psychological phenomenon in which participants in behavioral studies change their behavior or performance in response to being observed?
Hawthorne Observation
Hawthorne Effect
Big Brother Observation
Perceived Observation Effect
Cause Exposure Index Event( Cause, Exposure, Index Event ) is a precursor event, condition or characteristic required for the occurrence of the disease or outcome
Which of the following types of associations can potentially arise from confounding?
Artifactual Associations
Non-Causal Associations
Causal Associations
A man tests positive for HIV. He put himself at risk by not using protected sex, continuous exposure to a person with HIV, and not using antiretroviral drugs after the exposures of HIV. These three conditions summed up to his positive result. Together, what can these three conditions be referred to as?
Necessary Cause
Exposure Probability
Sufficient Cause
Adequate Risk
Which of the. following are part of Hill's Criteria (Guidelines)
Strength
Validity
Plausibility
Biologic Gradient
Correlation
Interpretation
Temporality
Consistency
Drinking 8 oz of wine each night has been linked to a decrease in heart issues, stress, and a marked increase in overall happiness. Scientists first found the relationship to these benefits with 1 oz. Then, the results were proven with 2 oz. Then, 4 oz, and finally 8 oz. Assuming this is all true and it is not possible to poison oneself with alcohol, what is this situation an example of?
Reproducibility
Exponentialism
Marked Increase
Biologic gradient
This picture is an example of what?
Critical Criteria Pyramid
Research Evidence Pyramid
Hierarchal Evidence Pyramid
Associated Epidemiology Pyramid
Students at KCUMB conduct a small experiment to determine the association between the variety of meals the residents of CT cook and the size of the kitchen appliances. They find that there is no association, so they fail to reject the null hypothesis (H0). In reality, though, students here are extremely limited to what they can cook because of the small size of the ovens in the rental units. What kind of error is this?
Type II Error (beta)
Type 1 Error (alpha)
The interventional study design in phase 4 3 2 1 0( 4, 3, 2, 1, 0 ) has the highest level of evidence compared to the other phases.
A sample is a representation of the complete population.
What is the major difference between consent and assent?
Subject agrees to participate
Subject is fully and completely informed
Subject is mentally capable
Subject is underage
The Ethics Committee, regulated by federal statues developed by the department of health and human services, is better known as?
International Review Board
Institutional Review Board
Institutional Record Board
Institutional Review Bracket
If the IRB had been around during the time of the "Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male" and the researchers for this study required IRB approval, what level of IRB review would they have had to go through? (Considering the risk of the participants was very large--syphillis was intentionally untreated in some members of the study, unbeknownst to the participants).
Study would be exempt from review
Expedited
Full board
Entire board
Multiple component causes working in concert to collectively become sufficient causes is .
A specific cancer can ONLY be caused if the patient was exposed to a certain chemical OR had the specific gene. This is an example of
synergism
parallelism
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