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Explain how data can be very precise, but not accurate. What kind of error could account for this?
A student prepares a slide with a sample of onion cells and places it on the stage of a light microscope. Describe the steps she should take to get a focused image of the cells. (4 marks)
Name two subcellular structures found in a prokaryotic cell.
Name two ways you can reduce risk when using a bunsen burner.
Discuss why, when designing a scientific study, it is better to use a large sample size than a small sample size.
Scientific results need to be REPEATABLE, REPRODUCIBLE, and VALID. Explain what each of these terms means in the context of scientific evidence.
What is a flagellum and what does it do?
What do all plant and animal cells have? Name five structures and their functions.
What is the difference between CORRELATION and CAUSATION?
Give an example of correlation not due to causation.
Name three structures plant cells have, that animal cells don't have. Describe their functions.
Explain four ways in which sperm cells are adapted to their functions.
Explain three ways in which egg cells are adapted to their function.
Explain what ciliated epithelial cells do, where they are found, and how they are adapted to their function.
Describe what MITOSIS is, its end result, and its phases.
How is meiosis different from mitosis?
Describe how some cells in an embryo become specialized cells.
Scientists are researching if it's possible to use embryonic stem cells to produce insulin-secreting cells, which could potentially be implanted in a patient in order to cure them of type 1 diabetes.
Discuss two potential risks of using stem cells to cure type 1 diabetes. (4 marks)
Describe two structural differences between a motor neurone and a sensory neurone. (2 marks)
What does the myelin sheath do?
Explain how a mutation in DNA may result in a different protein. (3 marks)
Describe the structure and function of a RELAY NEURONE.
Why are some reasons why species go extinct?
Explain Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
Explain why smoking tobacco increases the risk of developing lung cancer.
Explain how stimulants affect neurotransmission.
A chef touches a hot tray. A reflex reaction causes him to immediately move his hand away. Describe the pathway of the reflex arc, from receptors to effector. (5 marks)
How has microscope technology changed, and how have these changes affected our understanding of the world?
The human genome contains over 20000 genes. Explain what is meant by the term 'gene.' (1 mark)
Name the bonds that break when a DNA molecule denatures.
How are its complementary base pairs joined together?
Describe how to extract DNA from a fruit. (4 marks)
Name at least three reasons why a species may become extinct
Describe three possible causes of variation of traits in a population.
How could information from the Human Genome Project be used to help prevent individuals from developing certain diseases?
Explain why smoking is a major risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease, and can lead to a heart attack or stroke. (4 marks)
Explain how stimulants affect neurotransmission.
CHALARA ASH DIEBACK
What pathogen causes it?
What are the symptoms?
How does it spread?
How to prevent it?
Explain how a bacterial population could become less affected by a particular antibiotic. (3 marks)
State the SELECTION PRESSURE involved when bacteria evolve to develop resistance to an antibiotic.
Why is DNA called a "design for life"? Describe how a section of DNA determines the structure of a protein. (6 marks)
Draw the structure of an amino acid.
Are most phenotypic features the result of multiple genes or a single gene?
What is homeostasis?
Explain how sweat glands can help the human body to cool down.
What is the World Health Organization's definition of health?
What is selective breeding? Give an example. Describe the steps involved.
What is cancer? What is a carcinogen? What is a tumour?
What are the problems associated with selective breeding?(3 marks)
Describe how malaria is transmitted.
Describe how vectors can be used to insert DNA into other organisms. Give one example.
Explain one benefit of being able to genetically engineer herbicide-resistant crops. (2 marks)
CHOLERA
What pathogen causes it?
What are the symptoms?
How does it spread?
How to prevent it?
What are the two major factors that contribute to the form and function of an organism?
What mechanism drives evolution?
What is the evidence for evolution?
Explain how whales may have evolved from a horse-like ancestor that lived in swampy areas millions of years ago. Use the evidence of whales' pentadactyl limbs, and Darwin's theory of natural selection.
How are fossils formed? How do we find them?
Name two significant finds of fossils that give clues to human evolution.
Describe the structure of DNA.
You feel hot and you start to sweat.
Describe what is happening in your nervous system for this reaction to occur.
When receptors detect pain stimuli, imulses are passed to the spinal cord and then to the brain. Opioid drugs relieve pain by preventing the release of neurotransmitters from certain sensory neurons.
With reference to synapses, explain how opioids can reduce pain. (3 marks)
MALARIA
What pathogen causes it?
What are the symptoms?
How does it spread?
How to prevent it?
TUBERCULOSIS
What pathogen causes it?
What are the symptoms?
How does it spread?
How to prevent it?
If you are affected by one disease, are you more susceptible to other diseases?
HIV
What pathogen causes it?
What are the symptoms?
How does it spread?
How to prevent it?
CHLAMYDIA
What pathogen causes it?
What are the symptoms?
How does it spread?
How to prevent it?
According to the World Health Organisation (the WHO), what is the definition of health?
Name the pathogen that causes cholera, its symptoms/effects, how it spreads, and how to reduce/prevent transmission of the disease.
What are STIs?
Health, Disease and STIs (p. 39-40)
1) Explain why being healthy doesn't just mean not being sick.
2) What is a 'non-communicable' disease?
3) How can the transmission of malaria be prevented?
4) How can the spread of Chlamydia be reduced?
5) Why does HIV eventually lead to AIDS?
Fighting Disease (p. 41-42)
6) Give two types of chemical defence that prevent pathogens from infecting humans.
7) What is an antigen?
8) What does a B-lymphocyte do when it recognizes a pathogen?
9) How do vaccines prepare the immune system against infection by a particular pathogen?
Being healthy is a combination of which three types of well-being?
Antibiotics and Other Medicines (p. 43)
10) Which type of pathogen can antibiotics be used to kill?
11) What is the placebo effect?
What are B-lymphocytes, and how do they work?
What is the function of white blood cells?
What happens when pathogens make it into your body?
Draw a graph of the concentration of the right antibody in the blood versus time. Make sure to include two exposures to the same antigen, and include explanations.
How is the BMI calculated?
What is the waist-to-hip ratio?
Non-Communicable Diseases (p.44-46)
12) Describe how smoking can increase the risk of a heart attack or stroke.
13) Give a risk factor related to lifestyle for the development of liver disease.
14) Write the equation for finding the body mass index of an individual.
15) Give three examples of lifestyle changes that can help to prevent cardiovascular disease.
What happens in preclinical testing of a drug?
What happens in clinical testing of a drug?
Do the patients or doctors in a clinical trial know which pill is being served?
After clinical and preclinical testing, can a drug be used to treat patients?
Kwashiorkor is caused by a deficiency of what nutrient? What are its symptoms, and what foods help prevent it?
Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of what nutrient? What are its symptoms, and what foods help prevent it?
Rickets is caused by a deficiency of what nutrient? What are its symptoms, and what foods help prevent it?
Osteomalacia is caused by a deficiency of what nutrient? What are its symptoms, and what foods help prevent it?
Anaemia is caused by a deficiency of what nutrient? What are its symptoms, and what foods help prevent it?
Rank these countries by death rates from liver disease.
USA
UK
Russia
Brazil
Australia
