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What is tissue fluid?
Why is diffusion alone often not sufficient for organisms to survive?
What transport system do larger organisms need and what does this maintain?
Higher metabolic rate = _____ exchange needed
Materials that need to be exchanged
Two ways in which exchange occurs (excluding exchange of heat)
As organisms become larger, volume increases at a ______ rate than surface area
Features developed by organisms for effective exchange
5 features of specialised exchange
surfaces
Why are specialised exchange surfaces often located inside an organism?
When an exchange surface is located inside an organism, what must there be a means of?
SA:volume = ______ ÷ ______
Single-celled organisms have a ______ SA:volume
How does gas exchange happen in single-celled organisms?
What is the tracheae in insects?
3 ways in which respiratory gases move in and out of the tracheal system in insects
How do respiratory gases move in and out of the tracheal system along a diffusion gradient?
Diffusion in air is ______ than in water
How do respiratory gases move in and out of the tracheal system by mass transport?
How do respiratory gases move in and out of the tracheal system due to the ends of the tracheoles being filled with water?
What can gas exchange due to ends of tracheoles being filled with water lead to?
How do gases enter and leave the tracheae?
What are spiracles?
Why are the spiracles mostly kept closed?
Limitations of the tracheal system in insects
Fish are relatively ______ so have a ______ SA:volume
Why is the body surface of a fish not adequate to supply or remove respiratory gases?
What specialised exchange surfaces have fish evolved?
Structure/features of the gills
What happens to water once taken in by the mouth of the fish?
The flow of water over gill lamellae is in the ______ direction to the direction of blood flow
What is the term describing the opposite directions of water and blood flows?
What happens in countercurrent flow?
How does countercurrent flow allow for efficient gas exchange in fish?
What would happen if the flow of water and blood was parallel in the gills?
What gases are exchanged during photosynthesis?
What can reduce gas exchange with the external air?
Name 6 parts that could be labelled on a diagram of the structure of a leaf
3 adaptations of a leaf for rapid diffusion of gases
What are stomata?
Where on a leaf are stomata primarily found and why?
What is the role of guard cells?
What is another term for the stomatal pore?
Guard cells have a ______ outer wall and a ______ inner wall
What do plants do to balance the conflicting needs of gas exchange and controlling water loss?
For exchange surfaces inside organisms, how saturated with water vapour is the air around them?
What specifically in insects conflicts with water conservation?
What adaptations do insects have to reduce water loss?
What issue does the waterproof covering of insects pose and how is this overcome?
Why can't plants have a small SA:volume ratio?
What is the term for plants that survive in very dry conditions?
What are some of the adaptations of plants to reduce water loss?
Give an example of a plant with a thick cuticle
Give an example of a plant that makes use of rolling up leaves
Give an example of a plant with hair on its leaves
Give an example of a plant with stomata in pits/grooves
Why do mammals need to exchange large quantities of O2/CO2?
Why are the lungs located inside the body?
What are the lungs supported and protected by?
How does the ribcage move?
What ventilates the lungs?
What are the lungs?
What structures does air move through in the lungs to get to the exchange surface?
What is the trachea?
Why is it important for cartilage to support the trachea?
What are the bronchi?
What are the bronchioles?
Why is it important for the bronchioles to control flow of air in the alveoli?
What are the alveoli>
What is the gas exchange surface in the lungs called?
What is breathing/ventilation?
What sets of muscles bring about pressure changes within the lungs?
What is inspiration?
What kind of process is inspiration?
Describe the process of inspiration
What is expiration?
What kind of process is expiration?
Describe the process of expiration
What is pulmonary ventilation?
What is tidal volume?
What is breathing rate?
How would you calculate pulmonary ventilation rate?
How big is the diameter of an alveolus?
Why are the alveoli located inside an organism?
How many alveoli are there in each human lung?
What are alveoli lined with?
How thick is the alveolar wall?
What are the alveoli surrounded by?
Width of pulmonary capillaries
How thick is the capillary wall?
5 reasons why diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the blood are very rapid
