Compendium 8 How do we control ourselves?

Question 1 of 82

1

Functions of the nervous system include (select five)

Select one or more of the following:

Maintaining homeostasis
Establish and maintain mental activity
Motor output
Integrating information
Receives sensory input - Internal & External
Primarily responsible for cellular respiration

Explanation

Question 2 of 82

1

Functions of the nervous system include maintaining homeostasis

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 3 of 82

1

The Two main structural divisions of the nervous system are:

Select one of the following:

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic and Autonomic system
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Explanation

Question 4 of 82

1

The Central Nervous System (CNS) comprises of the Brain and spinal cord

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 5 of 82

1

The Central Nervous System (CNS) comprises of the spinal nerves, cranial and sensory nerves

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 6 of 82

1

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) comprises of the spinal nerves sensory and cranial nerves

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 7 of 82

1

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) comprises of the brain and spinal cord

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 8 of 82

1

The divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System comprise of:

Select one of the following:

Autonomic, Somatic and Enteric
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Sensory (afferent) and Motor (efferent)

Explanation

Question 9 of 82

1

The Central Nervous System comprises of the Enteric Nervous System

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 10 of 82

1

The division of the Autonomic nervous system comprise of Motor (efferent) and Sensory (afferent)

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 11 of 82

1

Terminology:

• ❌: basic structural unit of the nervous system
• ❌: nerve fiber
• ❌: bundle of axons (or nerve fibers) and their sheaths (outer covering)
• ❌: separate specialised cells which detect temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, odour and other stimuli
• ❌: electrical signal
• ❌: the organ, tissue or cell in which an effect or an action takes place

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Neuron (nerve cell)

Axon

Nerve

Sensory receptors

Action potential

Effector organ or effector cell

Explanation

Question 12 of 82

1

An Axon is a nerve fiber

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 13 of 82

1

Effector organ or effector cell is an organ, tissue or cell in which an effect or an action takes place

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 14 of 82

1

Axon: the organ, tissue or cell in which an effect or an action takes place

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 15 of 82

1

Neurons (nerve cells) are separate specialized cells which detect temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, odour and other stimuli

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 16 of 82

1

• ❌: collection of cell bodies located outside the CNS
• ❌: extensive network of axons or cell bodies

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Plexus

Ganglion

Explanation

Question 17 of 82

1

Ganglion: collection of cell bodies located outside the CNS

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 18 of 82

1

Plexus: extensive network of axons or cell bodies

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 19 of 82

1

Ganglion: extensive network of axons or cell bodies

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 20 of 82

1

Plexus: collection of cell bodies located outside the CNS

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 21 of 82

1

What is a Synapse?

Select one of the following:

Junction of a neuron with another cell e.g. end of a neuron with a muscle cell or another neuron
Extensive network of axons or cell bodies
Collection of cell bodies located outside the CNS

Explanation

Question 22 of 82

1

Select the correct subdivision this information pertains to:

• Involuntary and under subconscious control
• Action potentials in the motor neurons travel from the CNS to smooth or cardiac muscle, or glands
• Two-neuron system
• Cell bodies of the neurons are located in the CNS and autonomic ganglion

Select one of the following:

Autonomic subdivision
Somatic subdivision

Explanation

Question 23 of 82

1

Autonomic subdivision:
• Involuntary and under subconscious control
• Action potentials in the motor neurons travel from the CNS to smooth or cardiac muscle, or glands
• Two-neuron system
• Cell bodies of the neurons are located in the CNS and autonomic ganglion

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 24 of 82

1

Somatic subdivision:

• Involuntary and under subconscious control
• Action potentials in the motor neurons travel from the CNS to smooth or cardiac muscle, or glands
• Two-neuron system
• Cell bodies of the neurons are located in the CNS and autonomic ganglion

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 25 of 82

1

Which subdivision does this information pertain to?

• Voluntary and under conscious control
• Action potentials in the motor neurons travel from the CNS to skeletal muscles
• Single neuron system
• Cell bodies are located in the CNS

Select one of the following:

Somatic subdivision
Autonomic subdivision

Explanation

Question 26 of 82

1

In the Somatic subdivision, action potentials in the motor neurons travel from the CNS to
skeletal muscles

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 27 of 82

1

In the Somatic subdivision, cell bodies are located in the CNS

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 28 of 82

1

Single neuron system is part of the

Select one of the following:

Autonomic subdivision
Somatic subdivision

Explanation

Question 29 of 82

1

The two-neuron system is part of the:

Select one of the following:

Autonomic subdivision
Somatic subdivision

Explanation

Question 30 of 82

1

Somatic subdivision: Voluntary and under conscious control

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 31 of 82

1

Autonomic subdivision: Voluntary and under conscious control

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 32 of 82

1

Autonomic subdivision: Involuntary and under subconscious control

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 33 of 82

1

Somatic subdivision: Involuntary and under subconscious control

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 34 of 82

1

Autonomic subdivision: Cell bodies of the neurons are located in the CNS and autonomic ganglion

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 35 of 82

1

The enteric nervous system (ENS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 36 of 82

1

The somatic nervous system (SNS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 37 of 82

1

The autonomic nervous system functions to regulate the body's unconscious actions.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 38 of 82

1

The sympathetic nervous system's primary process is to stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 39 of 82

1

The autonomic nervous system's primary process is to stimulate the body's fight-or-flight response.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 40 of 82

1

Types of functional classification of neurons:

• ❌ – information to the CNS
• ❌ – information away from the CNS
• ❌ – information from one neuron to another neuron

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Sensory (afferent) neuron

Motor (efferent) neuron

Inter-neuron

Explanation

Question 41 of 82

1

Motor (efferent) neuron – information away from the CNS

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 42 of 82

1

Motor (efferent) neuron – information to the CNS

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 43 of 82

1

Select the Three types of structural classification of Neurons

Select one or more of the following:

• Multipolar
• Bipolar
• Unipolar
• Dipolar
• Midpolar

Explanation

Question 44 of 82

1

❌ neurons are a type of neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites (and dendritic branches), allowing for the integration of a great deal of information from other neurons.

❌ neurons are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions.

❌ neurons are the most common type of sensory neuron. In addition to pain and image description, touch etc. they also carry information about temperature, taste.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Multipolar

Bipolar

Unipolar

Explanation

Question 45 of 82

1

Select Three correct statements about Astrocytes

Select one or more of the following:

support of the cells that comprise the blood-brain barrier
maintaining the extracellular ion balance
supplying nutrients to nerve tissue
phagocytic of debric and small bacteria

Explanation

Question 46 of 82

1

Astrocytes form a supporting framework for blood vessels and neurons. They also assist in the formation of tight junctions between endothelial cells of the capillaries

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 47 of 82

1

Astrocytes contribute to differentiation of the blood–brain barrier.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 48 of 82

1

Ependymal cell, type of neuronal support cell (neuroglia) that forms the epithelial lining of the ventricles (cavities) in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 49 of 82

1

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced from arterial blood by the choroid plexuses of the lateral and fourth ventricles by a combined process of diffusion, pinocytosis and active transfer. A small amount is also produced by ependymal cells.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 50 of 82

1

Select the Three correct statements

Select one or more of the following:

Ependymal cells are mostly known as the cell type lining the brain ventricles.
Ependymal cells are mostly known as the cell type situated mostly in the PNS
Ependymal cells are also thought to participate in the control of water transport and ion homeostasis.
Ependymal cells cilia assist in the circulation of CSF

Explanation

Question 51 of 82

1

Ependymal cells cilia assist in the circulation of CSF

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 52 of 82

1

Ependymal cells cilia assist in the circulation of Mucus

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 53 of 82

1

Microglial cells monitor the health of surrounding neurons and phagocytose microorganisms, infection, trauma or inflammation.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 54 of 82

1

Ependymal cells monitor the health of surrounding neurons and phagocytose microorganisms, infection, trauma or inflammation.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 55 of 82

1

As the resident macrophage cells, microglial cells act as the first and main form of active immune defence in the central nervous system (CNS).

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 56 of 82

1

Oligodendrocytes form the isolating sheath around the axons, which is essential for fast signal conduction.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 57 of 82

1

Schwann cells are the supporting cells of the PNS.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 58 of 82

1

Schwann cells are the supporting cells of the CNS.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 59 of 82

1

❌ wrap themselves around numerous ❌ at once, where as single ❌ make up a single segment of an axon's ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Oligodendrocytes

axons

schwann cells

myelin sheath

Explanation

Question 60 of 82

1

Satellite cells:
• Provide support and nutrition to cell bodies in ganglia
• Protect cell bodies from harmful substances

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 61 of 82

1

Myelinated axons have a node of Ranvier

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 62 of 82

1

Unmyelinated axons do not have a node of Ranvier

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 63 of 82

1

❌: BRAIN: outer cortex of brain and nuclei. SPINAL CORD: inner “grey” part
❌: BRAIN: deeper nerve tracts. SPINAL CORD: outer part

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Grey Matter

White Matter

Explanation

Question 64 of 82

1

A resting (non-signaling) neuron has a voltage across its membrane called the

Select one of the following:

resting membrane potential, or simply the resting potential.
action potential

Explanation

Question 65 of 82

1

Neurons generate electrical signals through brief, controlled changes in the permeability of their cell membrane to particular ions such as Na+ and K+.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 66 of 82

1

If the membrane potential becomes more positive than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be ❌.

If the membrane potential becomes more negative than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

depolarized

hyperpolarized

Explanation

Question 67 of 82

1

If the membrane potential becomes more positive than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be hyperpolarized.
If the membrane potential becomes more negative than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be depolarized.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 68 of 82

1

If the membrane potential becomes more positive than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be depolarized.
If the membrane potential becomes more negative than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be hyperpolarized.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 69 of 82

1

Where does the resting membrane potential come from?

Select one of the following:

The resting membrane potential is determined by the uneven distribution of ions (charged particles) between the inside and the outside the cell, and by the different permeability of the membrane to different types of ions.
The resting membrane potential is determined by the even distribution of ions (uncharged particles) between the inside and the outside the cell, and by the different permeability of the membrane to different types of ions.

Explanation

Question 70 of 82

1

Types of ions found in neurons

In neurons and their surrounding fluid, the most abundant ions are:
Positively charged: ❌
Negatively charged: ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Sodium and potassium

Chloride and organic anion

Explanation

Question 71 of 82

1

Ion channels are the ubiquitous trans-membrane proteins that allow the selective transport of ions and solutes across the plasma membrane.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 72 of 82

1

❌
• Also known as ‘leak’ ion channels
• Ion specific
• Cell membrane has more K+ leak ion channels compared to Na+ leak ion channels

❌ – require signals to open them
(1) Ligand-gated ion channel
(2) Voltage-gated ion channel
(3) Other-gated ion channel

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Non-gated ion channels

Gated ion channels

Explanation

Question 73 of 82

1

❌ ion channels open in response to voltage ❌ where as ❌ channels open in response to a ligand ❌ binding to them. Both types of channels are critical for proper activation of the post synaptic neuron.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Voltage gated

ligand gated

(i.e. when the cell gets depolarized)

(some chemical signal)

Explanation

Question 74 of 82

1

Repolarisation – membrane potential returns to normal

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 75 of 82

1

❌: the difference in charge across the cell membrane in a resting or unstimulated cell
❌: the difference in charge across the cell membrane

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Resting membrane potential

Membrane potential

Explanation

Question 76 of 82

1

Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 77 of 82

1

Afterpotential – short period of hyperpolarisation of an action potential

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 78 of 82

1

Resting membrane potential:
• All gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed.
• K+ leak channels (not visible on this image) are open which allow movement of K+ to the outside of the cell. This creates a negative intracellular charge = RMP.
• Na+/K+ pump also creates the RMP

❌
• Na+ gated channels open and Na+ moves into the cell and inside of the cell becomes more positive.
• K+ gated channels are closed.
• Membrane potential becomes more positive.

❌
• Na+ gated channels close.
• K+ gated channels open and K+ moves out of the cell and the intracellular side becomes more negative.
• Membrane potential becomes more negative.

❌
• Na+ gated channels close.
• K+ gated channels close as well but they close slowly so K+ continues to leave the cell and this produces the afterpotential.
• Membrane potential becomes very negative

❌
• Na+ gated channels are closed.
• K+ gated channels are closed.
• Resting membrane potential is re-established by Na+/K+ pump (an active process as it is against their concentration gradients) which redistribute ions as all Na+ and K+ gated channels are closed.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Depolarisation:

Repolarisation:

Afterpotential:

Resting membrane potential:

Explanation

Question 79 of 82

1

2. ❌
3. ❌
4. ❌
1. ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Graded potential

Repolarization

Afterpotential

Depolarization

Explanation

Question 80 of 82

1

Reflex arc diagram -

1. ❌
2. ❌
3. ❌
4. ❌
5. ❌
6. ❌
7. ❌
8. ❌

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Interneuron

Dorsal root

Dorsal root ganglion

Sensory neuron

Sensory receptor

Ventral root

Motor neuron

Effector organ

Explanation

Question 81 of 82

1

Sensory receptors: separate specialised cells which detect temperature, pain, touch, pressure, light, sound, odour and other
stimuli

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 82 of 82

1

Neuroglia are cells other than neurons found within the nervous system. These cells have a
supportive role. There are ❌ different neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS) and ❌ in the
peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Drag and drop to complete the text.

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	Created by Jessica Bulley about 6 years ago