Jessica Bulley
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Compendium 10 and 11

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Jessica Bulley
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Compendium 10 and 11

Question 1 of 45

1

Why do we need proteins in the body? Select Three

Select one or more of the following:

  • • Enzymes:
    - Those that catalyse the breakdown of macronutrients in the digestive system
    - Those that catalyse the breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration

  • • Transport:
    - Oxygen transport by haemoglobin in red blood cells and Collagen fibres in connective tissue

  • • Structural proteins:
    - Microtubules and microfilaments, which are part of the cell cytoskeleton and are involved in maintenance of cell shape

  • • Structural proteins:
    - cytoplasm development

Explanation

Question 2 of 45

1

What is the name of the process by which DNA is converted into mRNA and where does this event take place within the cell?

Select one of the following:

  • Transcription, which takes place in the cell’s nucleus.

  • Translation, which takes place in the cytoplasm.

Explanation

Question 3 of 45

1

What is the name of the process by which RNA is converted into protein and where does this event take place within the cell?

Select one of the following:

  • Translation, which takes place in the cytoplasm.

  • Transcription, which takes place in the cell’s nucleus

Explanation

Question 4 of 45

1

What happens to DNA before the cell can divide? Why is this so important?

Select one of the following:

  • It must replicate so that when cells divide, each new cell has the full amount of DNA

  • It mustn't replicate so that when cells divide, each new cell has the full amount of DNA

Explanation

Question 5 of 45

1

How and why does the cell package its DNA ready for division?

Select one of the following:

  • DNA condenses to form chromatin, which then winds up to form chromosomes. Packaging the DNA in this way means it is protected during cell division and is easier to divide in half

  • Sperm and eggs only have half the amount of DNA (haploid) so that when a sperm fertilizes an egg the resulting embryo has the full correct amount of DNA (diploid).

Explanation

Question 6 of 45

1

How and why does the cell package its DNA ready for division? -
DNA to form , which then winds up to form . Packaging the DNA in this way means it is during cell and is easier to divide in half

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    chromatin
    chromosomes
    protected
    condenses
    division

Explanation

Question 7 of 45

1

What do the terms diploid and haploid mean? Give an example of a diploid cell and a haploid cell.

- Diploid means a cell has the full amount of DNA e.g. all cells of the body except gametes
- Haploid means a cell has half the amount of DNA e.g. gametes (sperm and egg)

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 8 of 45

1

- means a cell has the full amount of DNA e.g. all cells of the body except gametes
- means a cell has half the amount of DNA e.g. gametes (sperm and egg)

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    Diploid
    Haploid

Explanation

Question 9 of 45

1

Diploid means a cell has the full amount of DNA e.g. all cells of the body except gametes

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 10 of 45

1

Haploid means a cell has half the amount of DNA e.g. gametes (sperm and egg)

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 11 of 45

1

Why do gametes only have a haploid amount of DNA?

Select one of the following:

  • Sperm and eggs only have half the amount of DNA (haploid) so that when a sperm fertilizes an egg the resulting embryo has the full correct amount of DNA (diploid).

  • Packaging the DNA in this way means it is protected during cell division and is easier to divide in half

Explanation

Question 12 of 45

1

Number of chromosomes in human cells

Select one of the following:

  • 46

  • 23

Explanation

Question 13 of 45

1

Number of pairs of chromosomes

Select one of the following:

  • 23

  • 46

Explanation

Question 14 of 45

1

Number of pairs of autosomal chromosomes

Select one of the following:

  • 22

  • 23

Explanation

Question 15 of 45

1

Sex chromosomes in men are:

Select one of the following:

  • X and Y

  • X and X

Explanation

Question 16 of 45

1

Sex chromosomes in women are:

Select one of the following:

  • X and X

  • X and Y

Explanation

Question 17 of 45

1

Can you distinguish someone’s gender by seeing only their autosomal chromosomes in a karyotype?

Select one of the following:

  • No

  • Yes

Explanation

Question 18 of 45

1

What is a gene and what does it do?

Select one of the following:

  • A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein

  • A gene is not a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein

Explanation

Question 19 of 45

1

What is an allele?

Select one of the following:

  • A version of a gene.
    You inherit one allele from your mum and one from your dad for every gene.

  • Used for cell metabolism and energy use and synthesis of molecules

Explanation

Question 20 of 45

1

There are four characteristic functions of a cell:
1. Cell metabolism and energy use
2. Synthesis of molecules
3. Reproduction and inheritance
4. Communication

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 21 of 45

1

Proteins are all made from chains of amino acids. The sequence of amino acids is called the:

Select one of the following:

  • primary structure of a protein

  • secondary structure of a protein

Explanation

Question 22 of 45

1

Amino acids all have different shapes, charges and side chains. This means proteins have different shapes - they are not just long straight chains of amino acids. This is because the amino acids interact with other amino acids in the chain in different ways, so proteins fold up into different shapes to form specific . If the mature protein involves more than one polypeptide chain twisted together, the protein is said to have .

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    secondary and tertiary structures
    quaternary structure

Explanation

Question 23 of 45

1

Secondary structure of proteins:
The secondary structure of proteins results from hydrogen bonds (red dotted lines) that join the individual amino acids from the primary structure to form a pleated (folded) sheet or a helix (coil)

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 24 of 45

1

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

Secondary structure of proteins:
The secondary structure of proteins results from ( hydrogen, carbon ) bonds (red dotted lines) that join the individual amino acids from the primary structure to form a pleated (folded) sheet or a helix (coil)

Explanation

Question 25 of 45

1

Collagen fibril (found in connective tissue) is made up of three polypeptide chains twisted around each other (Figure 11.4) and is called a fibrous protein.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 26 of 45

1

What is the difference between a protein, a peptide and a polypeptide?
are 2 or more amino acids
are 10 - 50 amino acids long
are > 50 amino acids long.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    Peptides
    Polypeptides
    Proteins

Explanation

Question 27 of 45

1

What is the relationship of DNA to proteins?

Select one of the following:

  • DNA carries the code for the specific sequence of amino acids that form a particular protein.

  • Nothing - DNA does not carry the code for the specific sequence of amino acids that form a particular protein.

Explanation

Question 28 of 45

1

DNA carries the recipe for each protein. A gene is a segment of DNA that carries the instructions that specify the structure of a specific protein. The production of a protein, using the information stored in DNA, is called gene expression. Gene expression can be divided into two parts:
1. Transcription
2. Translation

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 29 of 45

1

Both DNA and RNA consist of the basic building blocks called nucleotides

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 30 of 45

1

Both DNA and RNA consist of the basic building blocks called .
Each nucleotide is composed of a (monosaccharide) to which a and nitrogenous base are attached.

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    nucleotides
    sugar molecule
    phosphate

Explanation

Question 31 of 45

1

How many nucleic acid bases code for one amino acid?

Select one of the following:

  • 3, this group of 3 is called a CODON

  • 2, this group of 2 is called a CODON

Explanation

Question 32 of 45

1

State the major role that each type of RNA plays during protein synthesis:

: takes the information from the genes (DNA) in the nucleus out to the ribosomes
: transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome and lines them up opposite their mRNA codon
: major structural component of the ribosome

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    Messenger RNA (mRNA)
    Transfer RNA (tRNA)
    Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Explanation

Question 33 of 45

1

DNA is a double-stranded molecule and consists of two stands – the coding strand and the template strand

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 34 of 45

1

Chromatid:
• When a chromosome replicates ready for cell division, the two bits of replicated chromosomes that form are called chromatids.
• Each of these chromatids is called a chromosome again when they separate and move into the daughter cells.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 35 of 45

1

Homologous pair:
• Chromosome pairs are called homologous pairs, each member of the pair is called a homologue.
• One homologue is derived from your mother and one from your father.
• Each chromosome in the pair codes for the same genes, so you have two versions of every gene, these are called alleles.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 36 of 45

1

Cytokinesis
• The division of cell organelles and cytoplasm.
• Results in two identical daughter cells.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 37 of 45

1

Unlike mitosis: the cell divides and pulls one of each pair of homologous chromosomes into each daughter cell (each chromosome still has two chromatids).

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 38 of 45

1

What is the purpose of the first meiotic division?

Select one of the following:

  • Meiosis separates homologous chromosomes, producing two haploid cells (23 chromosomes) which is half the amount of DNA in a “normal” cell. Thus, meiosis I is referred to as a reductional division

  • Meiosis does not separate homologous chromosomes, producing two haploid cells (23 chromosomes) which is half the amount of DNA in a “normal” cell. Thus, meiosis I is referred to as a reductional division

Explanation

Question 39 of 45

1

The Immune system is divided into two sections called:

Select one of the following:

  • Innate (non specific) and Adaptive (specific)

  • Direct and indirect

Explanation

Question 40 of 45

1

The lymphatic system helps maintain fluid , contributes to lipid absorption in the
digestion system, and also plays an important role in immunity. Lymphatic vessels start as
small dead-end tubes called lymphatic , and are found near capillaries.
When blood passes through blood capillaries, some of the fluid in the blood moves into the
space in-between the cells. The fluid that moves out of the blood capillaries is high in
, and as it surrounds the cells, this is how nutrient and gas occurs.
Most of this fluid eventually gets into the blood capillaries, but about 10%
doesn’t and is instead absorbed by lymphatic capillaries.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    balance
    capillaries
    blood
    interstitial
    oxygen and nutrients
    exchange
    reabsorbed

Explanation

Question 41 of 45

1

The lymphatic capillaries are very which means anything in the interstitial fluid
can enter the lymphatic system. This includes bacteria or other foreign . So if you have
bacteria that have entered your body (e.g. through broken skin), the bacteria will enter the lymphatic
. The lymphatic capillaries join together to form larger lymphatic

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    permeable
    antigens
    vessels
    capillaries

Explanation

Question 42 of 45

1

Lymph nodes are round or oval shaped bodies found along . Fluid enters and leaves the lymph nodes via the lymph vessels. Lymph nodes contain (e.g. phagocytic cells) and . As fluid passes through the lymph nodes it comes into contact with these and if there are bacteria etc. in the lymph they get trapped, by the immune cells and an immune response will occur.
Lymphatic vessels can also transport cancer cells that leave a primary tumour. This is why the “draining lymph nodes” of the region where a tumour is found are often checked to see if they contain cancer cells that have spread around the body.
Lymph nodes are arranged in , so lymph passes through one node after another
increasing the chance that all pathogens will be recognised. Some places where there are
many lymph nodes include the neck, under arms (axilla), thorax, and inguinal region.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

    lymphatic vessels
    macrophages
    lymphocytes (B and T cells)
    immune cells
    recognised
    chains or clusters

Explanation

Question 43 of 45

1

If a pathogen breaches the physical barriers of the body, our next line of defence is an immediate, but non-specific (innate) response such as inflammation.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 44 of 45

1

Cell-mediated responses:

• Macrophages and other cells of the innate defences alert T cells that foreign antigens are present in the body.
• In your body you have specific small populations of T cells that recognise different types of antigens. When the antigen is recognised by the specific T cell, the T cell will directly attack the infected cells and release chemicals that further promote innate immune responses e.g. inflammation and phagocytosis.
• T cells also contribute to the activation of B cells (antibody mediated responses)
• A small population of T cells remain after the infection is cleared – memory T cells. The memory T cells means the next time that particular strep bacteria enters Tom’s body he will be able to fight it off faster.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 45 of 45

1

Antibody-mediated responses:

• Once B cells are activated by the presence of the foreign antigen and with the help of T cells they differentiate into antibody releasing cells called plasma cells.
• Antibodies have many ways of eliminating the antigen. You don’t need to know all of them, but a few examples are:
- binding to the antigen to inactivate it
- binding to several antigens together to form a “clump” of antigens and make them in effective.
- when an antibody binds to an antigen, the complex is then often phagocytised by macrophages.
• Like T cells, a small population of memory B cells remain after the infection is cleared and will help Tom fight off the strep infection faster next time.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

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