What is the difference between Latitude and Longitude?

What is the Latitude of the Northern and Southern most points on the globe?

Where is Longitude 0 located?

What is the distance (NM and Statute Miles) of one degree of Latitude?
What is the distance (NM and Statute Miles) of one degree of Longitude?

What is the difference between the great circle route and the rhumb line route?

When is the difference between Rhumb line and Great Circle Route most pronounced.

What is the approximate Latitude and Longitude of HI, USA

What is the approximate Lat/Long of San Francisco, USA

What is the approximate Lat/Long of Sydney, AUS

What is the approximate Lat/Long of the Solent, ENG

What is the approximate Lat/Long of the Newport RI, USA