Motor System

Question 1 of 55

1

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Three types of movements (antialphabetic):
- movements
- movements
-

Explanation

Question 2 of 55

1

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The visuomotor delay is approximately ( 200, 250, 300, 150 ) ms.
The proprioceptive delay is approximately ( 50, 30, 80, 150 ) ms.

Explanation

Question 3 of 55

1

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Three things that make motor control difficult (alphabetic):
- uncertainty
- noise
- noise

Explanation

Question 4 of 55

1

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The human body has "only" 600 muscles. Nonetheless motor control is very difficult, since the number of possible movement patterns increases with the .

Explanation

Question 5 of 55

1

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The principle of means that there is a between high- and low-level specification. Any high level task can be achieved in many low level ways.

Explanation

Question 6 of 55

1

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law describes the trade-off.

Explanation

Question 7 of 55

1

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In simple grasping tasks the paths of hand movements are usually and the speed profiles are .

Explanation

Question 8 of 55

1

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The two-thirds power law:
velocity ~ ^(2/3)

Explanation

Question 9 of 55

1

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Three levels of analysis:

(1) : What is the the brain is trying to solve?
(2) : What is the to solve this problem?
(3) : How is it done by the nervous system?

Explanation

Question 10 of 55

1

The forward model ❌ based on ❌.
The inverse model ❌ from ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

predicts behaviour

motor commands

calculates motor commands

desired behaviour

predicts motor commands

Explanation

Question 11 of 55

1

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Feedforward (( open, closed )-loop) control:

Because of the delays in the sensorimotor system, open-loop control is used for ( short, long ) movements.
Disadvantages:
- ( Inaccuracies, Delays, Noise ) cannot be corrected
- ( Unexpected changes, Inaccuracies, Noise ) will not be taken into account

Explanation

Question 12 of 55

1

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In order for feedforward control to be sufficient, the model would have to be perfect.

Explanation

Question 13 of 55

1

Feedback (closed-loop) control can compensate for errors due to

Select one or more of the following:

neural noise
unexpected changes in the outside world
inaccurate motor commands
the sensorimotor delay
proprioception

Explanation

Question 14 of 55

1

In an experiment, subjects are given 400g blocks and practice to lift them.
After training the weight is surprisingly increased to 800g.

The experiment shows the subjects use

Select one of the following:

feedforward control.
feedback control.
both feedforward and feedback control.

Explanation

Question 15 of 55

1

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The factor is the amount by which the motor command is increased or decreased per unit of error.

Explanation

Question 16 of 55

1

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( High, Low ) gain and ( high, low ) sensorimotor delay can lead to ( overcompensation, too little compensation ) and ( instabilities, a stable motor command ).

Explanation

Question 17 of 55

1

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An ( efference, afference ) copy is an internal copy of an outflowing (( efferent, afferent )), movement-producing signal generated by the motor system.

Explanation

Question 18 of 55

1

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Two strategies to compensate for sensory delays:
(1) of movements
(2)

Explanation

Question 19 of 55

1

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The experiment where you move your eyeball with your hand and the world moves shows that the brain uses ( motor commands to the eye, sensors in the eye muscles ) in order to predict the eye's position.

Explanation

Question 20 of 55

1

What's the problem with using a forward model in feedback control to predict the position of a limb.

Select one of the following:

Errors accumulate over time.
Delay leads to instabilites.
Actually an inverse model would have to be used.

Explanation

Question 21 of 55

1

Which are the main structures of the CNS involved in motor control?

Select one or more of the following:

pons
spinal cord: reflexes
brainstem: facial muscles
cerebral cortex as the generator
cerebellum
basal ganglia
medulla oblongata
hippocampus
dentate gyrus

Explanation

Question 22 of 55

1

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A motor unit consists of ( a spinal motor neuron, a sensory interneuron, a pyramidal motor neuron ) and ( the muscle fibres that it innervates., the motor neurons it projects to., the disc in the spinal cord it projects )

Explanation

Question 23 of 55

1

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A muscle is typically innervated by ( a few hundred, a few thousand, about 50, about 50.000 ) spinal motor neurons.

Explanation

Question 24 of 55

1

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The tells how many muscle fibres a motor neuron innervates.

Explanation

Question 25 of 55

1

The innervation number

Select one or more of the following:

indicates the increment in force when the motor unit is activated.
can be very different for the same muscle.
is the same for all neurons that project to one muscle
indicates the speed by which the muscle is activated

Explanation

Question 26 of 55

1

The muscle force is controlled by

Select one or more of the following:

recruitment (how many motor neurons of the unit fire)
the discharge rate of motor units
the innervation number of the motor unit
the axon diameter of the motor neuron

Explanation

Question 27 of 55

1

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Motor units differ in and maximum .

Explanation

Question 28 of 55

1

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Recruitment:

( Small, Large ) motor neurons are recruited first because of the ( high, low ) resistance within their axon.
They have a ( lower, higher ) innervation number and therefore produce ( less, more ) force.

Explanation

Question 29 of 55

1

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Spinal reflexes are and triggered by .

Despite classical theory they can be quite flexible.

Explanation

Question 30 of 55

1

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The withdrawal from a painful stimulus is called reflex.

The muscle is activated and the muscle is inhibited.
This is called .
The opposite effect happens on the limb.

The force (does or does not) depend on the stimulus intensity.

Explanation

Question 31 of 55

1

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The stretch reflex is a in response to stretching within the muscle.
The antagonist muscle is inhibited, this is called .

The stretch reflex increases the of the muscle.

Explanation

Question 32 of 55

1

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The areas of the cerebral cortex that are used in motor control:

- (M1)
- (PM)
- (SMA)

Explanation

Question 33 of 55

1

The motor cortices receive input from

Select one or more of the following:

the somatosensory cortex
the posterior parietal cortex
the temporal lobe
the cerebellum

Explanation

Question 34 of 55

1

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The motor homunculus is most detailed for the ( primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area ).

It disappears if you ( zoom in, zoom out ).

Explanation

Question 35 of 55

1

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The motor pathway to lateral motorneurons runs ( contralateral, ipsilateral ) and controls mainly ( distal muscles, nearby muscles ).
It includes the ( corticospinal tract, medial tract ).

The patway to medial motorneurons runs ( ipsilateral, contralateral ) and controls mainly ( stance and posture, fine movements, unconscious movements ).

Explanation

Question 36 of 55

1

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The corticospinal tract

The connections come from the cortical layer ( V, IV, III, II, I ).
Many of these connections terminate on spinal ( interneurons, medial neurons, projection neurons ).

Only ( M1, PM, SMA ) contains neurons projecting directly to spinal motor neurons. These cortical neurons are called ( corticomotorneurons, complex neurons ). Those neurons have only one synapse.

Explanation

Question 37 of 55

1

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The axons of corticomotorneurons terminate on ( spinal motor neurons, the muscle fiber ).

The can also influence other muscles via spinal ( interneurons, projection neurons, receptors ).

Most of the time the excite agonist muscles and inhibit antagonist ones.

Explanation

Question 38 of 55

1

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Reading information about the direction of a movement from several motor neurons is done via .

Explanation

Question 39 of 55

1

Neuronal tuning with respect to movement means

Select one of the following:

that firing rates of cortical motor neurons correlate with parameters of movement, e.g. direction, velocity, acceleration, ...
that reinforcement learning can be applied to fine-tune execution of motor tasks.
that firing rates of cortical motor neurons are highly intercorrelated ("tuning each other")

Explanation

Question 40 of 55

1

Different digits of the hand are controlled by sharply separated areas in M1.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 41 of 55

1

Four symptoms of cerebellar disorders:

❌: A diminished resistance to passive limb displacements.

❌: An inability to stand or walk.

❌: The abnormal execution of multijointed voluntary movements, characterized by lack of coordination.

❌: A form of tremor at the end of a movement, when the patient attempts to stop the movement by using antagonist muscles.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Hypotonia

Astasia-abasia

Ataxia

Action tremor

Explanation

Question 42 of 55

1

The basal ganglia are involved in

Select one or more of the following:

reinforcement motor learning
action selection
movement initiation
online motor control

Explanation

Question 43 of 55

1

Relation between function and areas of the brain (hypothesis)

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

basal ganglia

motor cortex

parietal cortex

cerebellum

thalamus

prefrontal cortex

medulla oblongata

Explanation

Question 44 of 55

1

The motor control loop

Drag an answer into the correct orange point.

controller

state estimation

efference copy

sensory feedback

forward model

inverse model

gain

Explanation

Question 45 of 55

1

?

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Comparator

Sensed state

Input processing

Sensor

Forward model

Inverse model

Estimated state

Explanation

Question 46 of 55

1

?

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dynamic

predictive

sensory

correction

estimation

gain

Explanation

Question 47 of 55

1

?

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Desired state

Estimated state

Feedforward controller

Inverse controller

Motor command

State estimation

Actuator

Explanation

Question 48 of 55

1

Optimal feedback control

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position

weight

motor command

Explanation

Question 49 of 55

1

?

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Motor command

Sensory feedback and proprioception

State transition

State estimation

Forward model

Inverse model

Gain factor

Explanation

Question 50 of 55

1

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The forward-model is used at the ( beginning, end ) of movements.

Explanation

Question 51 of 55

1

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There are slow- and fast- muscle fibers.

Explanation

Question 52 of 55

1

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centers play an important role in modulating and adapting spinal reflexes, even to the extent of reversing movements when appropriate.

Explanation

Question 53 of 55

1

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Stretch reflex:
In addition to the muscle that is stretched muscles are contracted.

Explanation

Question 54 of 55

1

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M1: Brodman
PM & SMA: Brodman

Explanation

Question 55 of 55

1

Motor areas

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Posterior parietal cortex

Primary somatosensory cortex

Primary motor cortex

Premotor cortex

Supplementary motor area

	Created by Lukas Paulun over 5 years ago

Master Neuroscience (From Membrane to Brain [Lecture]) Quiz on Motor System, created by Lukas Paulun on 08/11/2018.

Motor System

Question 1 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Three types of movements (antialphabetic): - movements - movements -

Explanation

Question 2 of 55

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

The visuomotor delay is approximately 200 250 300 150( 200, 250, 300, 150 ) ms. The proprioceptive delay is approximately 50 30 80 150( 50, 30, 80, 150 ) ms.

Explanation

Question 3 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Three things that make motor control difficult (alphabetic): - uncertainty - noise - noise

Explanation

Question 4 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The human body has "only" 600 muscles. Nonetheless motor control is very difficult, since the number of possible movement patterns increases with the .

Explanation

Question 5 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The principle of means that there is a between high- and low-level specification. Any high level task can be achieved in many low level ways.

Explanation

Question 6 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

law describes the trade-off.

Explanation

Question 7 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

In simple grasping tasks the paths of hand movements are usually and the speed profiles are .

Explanation

Question 8 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The two-thirds power law: velocity ~ ^(2/3)

Explanation

Question 9 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Three levels of analysis: (1) : What is the the brain is trying to solve? (2) : What is the to solve this problem? (3) : How is it done by the nervous system?

Explanation

Question 10 of 55

The forward model ❌ based on ❌. The inverse model ❌ from ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 11 of 55

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 12 of 55

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

In order for feedforward control to be sufficient, the model would have to be perfect.

Explanation

Question 13 of 55

Feedback (closed-loop) control can compensate for errors due to

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 14 of 55

In an experiment, subjects are given 400g blocks and practice to lift them. After training the weight is surprisingly increased to 800g. The experiment shows the subjects use

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 15 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The factor is the amount by which the motor command is increased or decreased per unit of error.

Explanation

Question 16 of 55

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

High Low( High, Low ) gain and high low( high, low ) sensorimotor delay can lead to overcompensation too little compensation( overcompensation, too little compensation ) and instabilities a stable motor command( instabilities, a stable motor command ).

Explanation

Question 17 of 55

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

An efference afference( efference, afference ) copy is an internal copy of an outflowing (efferent afferent( efferent, afferent )), movement-producing signal generated by the motor system.

Explanation

Question 18 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Two strategies to compensate for sensory delays: (1) of movements (2)

Explanation

Question 19 of 55

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

The experiment where you move your eyeball with your hand and the world moves shows that the brain uses motor commands to the eye sensors in the eye muscles( motor commands to the eye, sensors in the eye muscles ) in order to predict the eye's position.

Explanation

Question 20 of 55

What's the problem with using a forward model in feedback control to predict the position of a limb.

Select one of the following:

Three types of movements (antialphabetic):
- movements
- movements
-

The visuomotor delay is approximately ( 200, 250, 300, 150 ) ms.
The proprioceptive delay is approximately ( 50, 30, 80, 150 ) ms.

Three things that make motor control difficult (alphabetic):
- uncertainty
- noise
- noise

The two-thirds power law:
velocity ~ ^(2/3)

Three levels of analysis:

(1) : What is the the brain is trying to solve?
(2) : What is the to solve this problem?
(3) : How is it done by the nervous system?

The forward model ❌ based on ❌.
The inverse model ❌ from ❌.

In an experiment, subjects are given 400g blocks and practice to lift them.
After training the weight is surprisingly increased to 800g.

The experiment shows the subjects use

( High, Low ) gain and ( high, low ) sensorimotor delay can lead to ( overcompensation, too little compensation ) and ( instabilities, a stable motor command ).

An ( efference, afference ) copy is an internal copy of an outflowing (( efferent, afferent )), movement-producing signal generated by the motor system.

Two strategies to compensate for sensory delays:
(1) of movements
(2)

The experiment where you move your eyeball with your hand and the world moves shows that the brain uses ( motor commands to the eye, sensors in the eye muscles ) in order to predict the eye's position.

A muscle is typically innervated by ( a few hundred, a few thousand, about 50, about 50.000 ) spinal motor neurons.

Recruitment:

( Small, Large ) motor neurons are recruited first because of the ( high, low ) resistance within their axon.
They have a ( lower, higher ) innervation number and therefore produce ( less, more ) force.

Spinal reflexes are and triggered by .

Despite classical theory they can be quite flexible.

The withdrawal from a painful stimulus is called reflex.

The muscle is activated and the muscle is inhibited.
This is called .
The opposite effect happens on the limb.

The force (does or does not) depend on the stimulus intensity.

The stretch reflex is a in response to stretching within the muscle.
The antagonist muscle is inhibited, this is called .

The stretch reflex increases the of the muscle.

The areas of the cerebral cortex that are used in motor control:

- (M1)
- (PM)
- (SMA)

The motor homunculus is most detailed for the ( primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area ).

It disappears if you ( zoom in, zoom out ).