Auditory System

Question 1 of 55

1

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Sound is a fluctuation of air pressure in [].

Explanation

Question 2 of 55

1

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The is a local pressure deviation of a compressible sound transmission medium which occur by spreading of sound.

Explanation

Question 3 of 55

1

The human hearing threshold is approximately

Select one of the following:

20 µPa
40 µPa
20 Pa
40 Pa
50 hPa

Explanation

Question 4 of 55

1

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The human pain threshold is approximately ( 10^6, 10^3, 10^9 ) times higher than the hearing threshold.

Explanation

Question 5 of 55

1

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The sound is the number of pressure fluctuations per second. Unit: []

Explanation

Question 6 of 55

1

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Speed of sound:

c = *

Explanation

Question 7 of 55

1

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The speed of sound ( increases, decreases ) with the density of the medium.

Explanation

Question 8 of 55

1

In transition from one medium to another, sound can be

Select one or more of the following:

absorbed
transmitted
reflected

Explanation

Question 9 of 55

1

Sound intensity level:

L = ❌ * ❌(❌ / ❌)

Doubling of p results in an increase of sound intensity by ❌ dB.

Loudness is perceived in a ❌ gradation.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

20

10

log10

log2

ln

p

p0

6

logarithmic

exponential

linear

Explanation

Question 10 of 55

1

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Humans have their highest sensitivity between ( 1, 2, 10, 20 ) and ( 4, 40, 10, 20 ) ( kHz, Hz ).

Human speech is roughly between ( 1, 2, 10, 20 ) and ( 2, 20, 40, 4 ) ( kHz, Hz ).

Explanation

Question 11 of 55

1

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The communication channel correlates with the .

Explanation

Question 12 of 55

1

Hearing range:

Babies: ❌ - ❌ Hz
Young adult: ... - ❌ Hz
Older people: ... - ❌ Hz

Drag and drop to complete the text.

20

10

200

100

1000

20.000

40.000

10.000

15.000

5.000

2.000

Explanation

Question 13 of 55

1

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The external ear consists of the to capture sound and the to transmit sound.

Explanation

Question 14 of 55

1

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Pinna and ear canal amplify frequencies between ( 2 and 4 kHz, 1 and 4 kHz, 8 and 10 kHz, 2 and 8 kHz ) by a factor of ( 8, 4, 2, 16 ).

This ( is not, is ) uniformly effective for every direction.

Explanation

Question 15 of 55

1

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External ear and middle ear are separated by the .

Explanation

Question 16 of 55

1

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The middle ear is connected to the (jaw) by the .

Explanation

Question 17 of 55

1

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The middle ear

Explanation

Question 18 of 55

1

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The middle ear is filled with .

It works as an impedance to balance different air pressures between outer and inner ear.

It also allows impedance of sound traveling in air to acoustic waves traveling in a system of fluids and membranes in the inner ear.

The area of the tympanum is much than the stapes footplate and the chain of ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) work as a .

Explanation

Question 19 of 55

1

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Besides the sense of hearing the inner ear contains two more organs of perception:

- Sense of linear
- Sense of

They all use in to detect sound or balance.

Explanation

Question 20 of 55

1

The labyrinth in the inner ear:

The membranous labyrinth is filled with ❌ rich ❌.
The bony labyrinth is filled with ❌ rich ❌.

The hair cells are contained in the ❌ labyrinth.

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membranous

bony

endolymph

perilymph

K+

Cl-

Ca2+

Na+

Explanation

Question 21 of 55

1

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The three scalae of the cochlea

Explanation

Question 22 of 55

1

Inner hair cells:
- ❌ row
- ❌ cells
- provide ❌

Outer hair cells:
- ❌ rows
- ❌ cells
- provide ❌

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1

ca. 3.500

neural output

3

ca. 12.000

amplification

Explanation

Question 23 of 55

1

There are roughly ❌ spiral ganglion cells, which belong to the ❌ nervous system.

Afferent SGC lead to the ❌.
Most afferent SGC innervate ❌.

Efferent SGC come from the ❌.
Most efferent SGCs innervate ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

30.000

20.000

3.000

200.000

peripheral

central

cochlear nucles

exactly 1 IHC

superior olivary complex

multiple OHCs

Explanation

Question 24 of 55

1

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hair cells possess a unique motor protein called , which causes them to contract every time they are depolarized.

Explanation

Question 25 of 55

1

The mechanical frequency analysis in the cochlea is done via the basilar membrane.

The base is ❌ wide, ❌ and sensitive to ❌ frequencies.

The apex is ❌ wide, ❌ and sensitive to ❌ frequencies.

Different stiffness at different points results in different frequencies creating vibration maxima at different points!
This is a ❌ frequency analysis.

There are also ❌ hair cells (and therefore a ❌ resolution) at positions corresponding to low frequencies.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

100µm

thick and taut

high

low

thin and floppy

500 µm

passive

active

more

less

higher

lower

Explanation

Question 26 of 55

1

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The hair cells' organelles that respond to fluid motion are called .

Hair cells cannot create APs but they can induce APs in nerve cells from mechanical energy. When the stereocilia are lifted up -channels open and the cells are depolarized causing transmitter release at the synapse to the SGC.

Explanation

Question 27 of 55

1

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Ascending pathway

Explanation

Question 28 of 55

1

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The descending pathway of the auditory system is possibly involved in selective attention. It uses by negative feedback.

The pathway is called the pathway.

Explanation

Question 29 of 55

1

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Cell types of the cochlear nucleus:

( Bushy, Pyramidal, Held ) cells receive input via large ( excitatory, inhibitory ) ( Endbulbs of Held, Calyx of Held ) and send output to the ( superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, lateral lemniscus ) via large synapses, called ( Calyx of Held, Endbulbs of Held ).

Bushy cells have the largest synapses in the brain, which leads to ( great, poor ) temporal precision and an ( exact, imprecise ) resolution (1 spike for 1 spike).

Explanation

Question 30 of 55

1

Tonotopy is not only found in the cochlear nucleus or the superior olivary complex but preserved all the way to the primary auditory cortex.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 31 of 55

1

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Two cues are used for sound localization:

ILD:
ITD:

ILD works best for frequencies
ITD works best for frequences

Explanation

Question 32 of 55

1

Which brain regions are important for sound localization?

Select one or more of the following:

Lateral superior olive
Medial superior olive
Inferior colliculus
Cochlear nucleus
Trapezoid body
Lateral lemniscus
Medial geniculate body
Auditory Cortex

Explanation

Question 33 of 55

1

Neurons in the lateral superior olive (LSO) are most sensitive to ❌ frequencies and ❌ responsible for ❌ detection.
They integrate ❌ signals from the ipsilateral ear with ❌ input from the contralateral ear.
The ILD ❌ be analyzed frequency-specific.

Neurons in the medial superior olive (MSO) are most sensitive to ❌ frequencies and responsible for ❌ detection.
One model to explain this mechanism is the ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

high

mainly

exclusively

ILD

excitatory

inhibitory

can

cannot

low

ITD

Jeffress Model

Held Model

Ranvier Model

Explanation

Question 34 of 55

1

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The Jeffress Model

Which neuron will fire if the sound comes from midright?

Explanation

Question 35 of 55

1

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Sound localization:

There is strong evidence for the Jeffress Model for ITD processing in ( birds, reptils, mammals, fish ).

In mammals it is called into question, e.g. by the fact that ( the MSO receives also inhibitory input, the LSO receives also inhibitory input, the MSO is not capable of summation, the LSO is not capable of summation ).

Explanation

Question 36 of 55

1

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Primary auditory cortex (A1): Brodman and

Explanation

Question 37 of 55

1

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Auditory belt areas (including secondary auditory cortex A2) are ( less, also ) precise in their tonotopic organization.

They process ( combinations of, isolated ) frequencies and temporal sequences of sound.

A2 includes ( Wernicke's area, Broca's area ).

Explanation

Question 38 of 55

1

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During development the synaptic density peaks at ( 2-4, 1-2, 4-6 ) years.
After that the brain needs to specialize its functions.

In juveniles synaptic potentials have a ( longer, shorter ) duration and synaptic plasticity is ( higher, lower ).

Explanation

Question 39 of 55

1

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Continuous noise input during the critical period of development result in a ( disrupted, better ) tonotopic organization and a degraded ( frequency response selectivity, amplitude response selectivity, ILD detection, ITD detection ) for neurons in the adult auditory cortex.

Explanation

Question 40 of 55

1

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There are two types of hearing loss:

(1) hearing loss:
- damage of tympanic membrane
- occlusion of the ear canal

(2) hearing loss:
- damage to hair cells
- damage to auditory nerve

Explanation

Question 41 of 55

1

The most common cause for hearing loss is

Select one of the following:

a loss of hair cells.
damage to the auditory nerve.
an occlusion of the mid ear canal.
damage to the tympanic membrane.

Explanation

Question 42 of 55

1

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Early hearing loss leads to

(1) ( Delayed, Premature ) development with synaptic ( overshoot, undershoot )
(2) ( Increased, Less ) elimination of synaptic function

Explanation

Question 43 of 55

1

Patients with a cochlear implant can often get the ❌ of a piece of music but have great difficulty recognizing a ❌.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

rhythm

melody

Explanation

Question 44 of 55

1

The problem with bilateral cochlear implants is

(a) ❌ which limits ILD coding
(b) ❌ which limits ITD coding

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lack of synchronization of the implants

their limited range

Explanation

Question 45 of 55

1

Components of a cochlear implant:

❌ --> ❌ --> ❌ --> ❌ --> ❌

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Microphone

Sound processor

Transmitter

Receiver

Electrode array

Explanation

Question 46 of 55

1

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The ratio of tympanum vs. ( stapes, malleus, incus ) foot plate is ( 17, 20, 13 ):1.

The leverage effect is ( 1.3, 3.1, 1.7 ).

Explanation

Question 47 of 55

1

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The cochlea has ( 2.5, 2, 3, 3.5 ) coils and its length can vary between ( 28 and 41, 30 and 45, 15 and 38 ) mm.

Explanation

Question 48 of 55

1

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Outer hair cells upon depolarization due to their motor protein .

Inner hair cells release upon depolarization.

Explanation

Question 49 of 55

1

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The Organ of Corti is located in the scala and contains the and the membrane (alphabetic order). The hair cells are located on the membrane.

Explanation

Question 50 of 55

1

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The hair cells are ( logarithmically, exponentially, linearly ) distributed on the ( basilar, tectorial ) membrane. More hair cells are located towards the ( apex, base ) where ( low, high ) frequencies are coded.

Explanation

Question 51 of 55

1

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Inner hair cells contain stretch-activated ( K+, Na+, Ca2+ ) channels. Upon depolarization voltage-gated ( Ca2+, K+, Na+ ) channels open and lead to the release of ( glutamate, dopamine, glycine, GABA ).

Explanation

Question 52 of 55

1

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Cochlear hair cells have -shaped curves that describe their best frequencies.

Explanation

Question 53 of 55

1

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Bushy cells improve compared to the signals that come from the auditory nerve.

Explanation

Question 54 of 55

1

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The Jeffress model contains a and a detector.

It is called into question because the medial superior olive receives inhibitory input.

Explanation

Question 55 of 55

1

	Created by Lukas Paulun over 5 years ago

Master Neuroscience (From Membrane to Brain [Lecture]) Quiz on Auditory System, created by Lukas Paulun on 23/11/2018.

Auditory System

Question 1 of 55

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Sound is a fluctuation of air pressure in [].

Explanation

Question 2 of 55

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The is a local pressure deviation of a compressible sound transmission medium which occur by spreading of sound.

Explanation

Question 3 of 55

The human hearing threshold is approximately

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 4 of 55

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

The human pain threshold is approximately 10^6 10^3 10^9( 10^6, 10^3, 10^9 ) times higher than the hearing threshold.

Explanation

Question 5 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The sound is the number of pressure fluctuations per second. Unit: []

Explanation

Question 6 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Speed of sound: c = *

Explanation

Question 7 of 55

Select from the dropdown list to complete the text.

The speed of sound increases decreases( increases, decreases ) with the density of the medium.

Explanation

Question 8 of 55

In transition from one medium to another, sound can be

Select one or more of the following:

Explanation

Question 9 of 55

Sound intensity level: L = ❌ * ❌(❌ / ❌) Doubling of p results in an increase of sound intensity by ❌ dB. Loudness is perceived in a ❌ gradation.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 10 of 55

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Humans have their highest sensitivity between 1 2 10 20( 1, 2, 10, 20 ) and 4 40 10 20( 4, 40, 10, 20 ) kHz Hz( kHz, Hz ). Human speech is roughly between 1 2 10 20( 1, 2, 10, 20 ) and 2 20 40 4( 2, 20, 40, 4 ) kHz Hz( kHz, Hz ).

Explanation

Question 11 of 55

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

The communication channel correlates with the .

Explanation

Question 12 of 55

Hearing range: Babies: ❌ - ❌ Hz Young adult: ... - ❌ Hz Older people: ... - ❌ Hz

Drag and drop to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 13 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The external ear consists of the to capture sound and the to transmit sound.

Explanation

Question 14 of 55

Select from the dropdown lists to complete the text.

Pinna and ear canal amplify frequencies between 2 and 4 kHz 1 and 4 kHz 8 and 10 kHz 2 and 8 kHz( 2 and 4 kHz, 1 and 4 kHz, 8 and 10 kHz, 2 and 8 kHz ) by a factor of 8 4 2 16( 8, 4, 2, 16 ). This is not is( is not, is ) uniformly effective for every direction.

Explanation

Question 15 of 55

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

External ear and middle ear are separated by the .

Explanation

Question 16 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

The middle ear is connected to the (jaw) by the .

Explanation

Question 17 of 55

Click on each orange point and write the correct answer.

The middle ear

Explanation

Question 18 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Explanation

Question 19 of 55

Fill the blank spaces to complete the text.

Besides the sense of hearing the inner ear contains two more organs of perception: - Sense of linear - Sense of They all use in to detect sound or balance.

Explanation

Question 20 of 55

The labyrinth in the inner ear: The membranous labyrinth is filled with ❌ rich ❌. The bony labyrinth is filled with ❌ rich ❌. The hair cells are contained in the ❌ labyrinth.

Drag and drop to complete the text.

The human pain threshold is approximately ( 10^6, 10^3, 10^9 ) times higher than the hearing threshold.

Speed of sound:

c = *

The speed of sound ( increases, decreases ) with the density of the medium.

Sound intensity level:

L = ❌ * ❌(❌ / ❌)

Doubling of p results in an increase of sound intensity by ❌ dB.

Loudness is perceived in a ❌ gradation.

Humans have their highest sensitivity between ( 1, 2, 10, 20 ) and ( 4, 40, 10, 20 ) ( kHz, Hz ).

Human speech is roughly between ( 1, 2, 10, 20 ) and ( 2, 20, 40, 4 ) ( kHz, Hz ).

Hearing range:

Babies: ❌ - ❌ Hz
Young adult: ... - ❌ Hz
Older people: ... - ❌ Hz

Pinna and ear canal amplify frequencies between ( 2 and 4 kHz, 1 and 4 kHz, 8 and 10 kHz, 2 and 8 kHz ) by a factor of ( 8, 4, 2, 16 ).

This ( is not, is ) uniformly effective for every direction.

Besides the sense of hearing the inner ear contains two more organs of perception:

- Sense of linear
- Sense of

They all use in to detect sound or balance.

The labyrinth in the inner ear:

The membranous labyrinth is filled with ❌ rich ❌.
The bony labyrinth is filled with ❌ rich ❌.

The hair cells are contained in the ❌ labyrinth.

Inner hair cells:
- ❌ row
- ❌ cells
- provide ❌

Outer hair cells:
- ❌ rows
- ❌ cells
- provide ❌

There are roughly ❌ spiral ganglion cells, which belong to the ❌ nervous system.

Afferent SGC lead to the ❌.
Most afferent SGC innervate ❌.

Efferent SGC come from the ❌.
Most efferent SGCs innervate ❌.

The hair cells' organelles that respond to fluid motion are called .

Hair cells cannot create APs but they can induce APs in nerve cells from mechanical energy. When the stereocilia are lifted up -channels open and the cells are depolarized causing transmitter release at the synapse to the SGC.

The descending pathway of the auditory system is possibly involved in selective attention. It uses by negative feedback.

The pathway is called the pathway.

Two cues are used for sound localization:

ILD:
ITD:

ILD works best for frequencies
ITD works best for frequences

The Jeffress Model

Which neuron will fire if the sound comes from midright?