What was the most important factor that drew rural people off the farms and into the big cities during the period 1865-1900?
The availability of industrial jobs
An agriculture system that was suffering from poor production levels
The compact and dense nature of those urban communities
The advent of new housing structures such as dumbbell tenements
What occurrence directly spurred the abandonment of wood construction for brick and steel in the downtown districts of most American cities?
The great Chicago fire of 1871
The development of the electric elevator and the skyscraper
Cheaper brick-making and the replacement of iron by more durable steel for construction purposes
The changing preference of architects such as Louis Sullivan toward designing steel and brick structures
All of the following characterized the New Immigrants who came to the United States from 1880 to 1900 EXCEPT:
they were culturally different from previous immigrants to America
they attempted to preserve their Old Country culture in America
they made substantial efforts to convert Americans to Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, or Judaism
they were subjected to discrimination and violence by nativist Americans because they practiced different religions and some were politically radical
What vital function did big city political bosses and their machines perform in managing the social and economic demands of the new Urban environment?
They successfully leveraged grant money from the federal government to meet the social and economic needs of urban immigrants
In exchange for political support, they provided many urban immigrants with jobs and social services that permitted these New Immigrants to raise a family, earn a livelihood, and escape poverty
They successfully lobbied state governments to provide public funds to build an extensive social services network and public housing program in the cities
They allied with the Protestant churches, the Republican party, and big business to provide jobs, social services, and educational opportunities to the New Immigrants
All of the following characterized the settlement -house movement led by leaders like Jane Addams, Lillian Wald, and Florence Kelley EXCEPT that it:
was led mostly by middle-class, reform-minded women and centered in poor immigrant neighborhoods of the city
advocated on behalf of social reforms like anti-sweatshop and child labor laws
studiously avoided becoming involved in international efforts to advance worldwide peace and condemn war
became a forerunner for the new professions of social work
In the 1890's, which group of women had a nearly exclusive hold on available white-collar positions as secretaries, department store clerks, and telephone operators?
Native-born women
College educated women
African American women
Irish American women
Which of the following was NOT a reason that many labor unions favored government imposed restrictions on immigration?
Immigrants were used by companies as strikebreakers
Immigrants were often willing to work for lower wages and in dangerous working conditions
Immigrants were sometimes difficult to unionize because of language barriers
Immigrants were not willing or able to work in factory environments
Which of the following represents the best example of liberal Protestantism's effort to accommodate religion to modern scientific theories such as Darwinism>
Linking liberal Protestantism to theories of racial superiority and an imperialistic "survival of the fittest" political dogma
Attempting to prove that the prayerful dogma of Christian Scientists like Mary Baker Eddy was rooted in scientific fact
Proclaiming that Darwinism was an updated, authentic, and grander revelation of the ways of God
Utilizing Darwinism as an intellectual argument against the effort by liberal Protestant women to become members of the clergy
Which were the two major sources of funding for the powerful new American research universities
Tuition paid by undergraduate students and fees charged to those served by the universities
State land grants and wealthy philanthropic industrialists
The federal government and local communities
Churches and numerous private individual donors
What was the most important reason why Americans offered increasing support for the establishment of a free public education system?
To combat the growing strength and influence of Catholic parochial schools
Because Americans accepted the idea that a free government and republic can not function effectively without educated citizens
Because private schools began to fold as a result of difficult economic circumstances
To utilize public schools to identify an intellectual elite
Which statement best reflects the different approaches of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DeBois toward black education?
W.E.B. DuBois believed that African Americans should develop a talented tenth, while Booker T. Washington emphasized manual labor and industrial training for African Americans
W.E.B. DuBois asserted that African Americans should develop separate black schools and colleges, while Booker T. Washington believed that African Americans should develop a talented tenth
W.E.B. DuBois advocated that African Americans concentrate on manual labor and technical education, while Booker T. Washington emphasized African Americans access to higher education
W.E.B. DuBois advocated developing separate black colleges and universities, while Booker T. Washington believed that securing access to traditionally white colleges and universities was critical to African American progress
How did American newspaper publishers expand their circulation and attract public attention in the late nineteenth century?
Printing hard-hitting editorials about the plight of poor immigrants in the city
Crusading for social reforms
Printing sensationalist stories of sex, corruption, and scandal
Focusing on coverage of local community issues and avoiding yellow journalism
What development prompted American novelists turn from romanticism and transcendentalism to rugged social realism?
The growing prominence of women writers
The heightened awareness of racial problems
A higher education level of their readers
The materialism and conflicts of the new industrial society
By 1900, a new generation of women suffrage advocates emphasized all of the following EXCEPT:
linking the vote to nontraditional female family roles such as assuming primary wage- earning responsibilities in the household
forming strong alliances with African American seeking voting rights
the desirability of giving women the vote in order to extend their roles as mothers and homemakers to the public world
the need for women living in cities to have political influence on boards of public health, police commissions, and school boards
The new cities consumer economy was symbolized especially the rise of:
separate districts for retail merchants
fine restaurants and food shops
large, elegant department stores
luxuriant horse-drawn carriages
One of the most difficult new problems generated by the rise of cities and the urban American life-style was:
dealing with horses and other animals in urban settings
developing means of communicating in densely populated city centers
disposing of large quantities of consumer-generated waste materials
finding effective methods of high-rise construction for limited urban space
Two technical developments of the late nineteenth century that contributed to the spectacular growth of American cities were:
a telegraph and the telephone
the compressor and the internal combustion engine
the electric trolley and the skyscraper
the oil furnace and the air conditioner
Countries from which many of the "New Immigrants" came included:
Sweden and Great Britian
Germany and Ireland
Poland and Italy
China and Japan
Among the factors driving millions of European peasants from their homeland to America were:
American food imports and religious persecution
the rise of European nation-states and the decline of the Catholic church
the rise of communist and fascist regimes
major international wars among the European great powers
Besides providing direct services to immigrants, the reformers of Hull House worked for general goals like:
the secret ballot and direct election of senators
anti-sweatshop laws to protect women and child laborers
social security and unemployment compensation
conservation and federal aid to municipal governments
The one immigrant group that was totally banned from America after 1882 nativist agitation was:
Irish
Greeks
Africans
Chinese
Two religious groups that grew most dramatically because of the "New Immigration" were:
Methodists and Baptists
Christian Scientists and the Salvation Army
Episcopalians and Unitarians
Jews and Roman Catholics
The phrase "social Gospel" refers to:
the fact that many people were turning to God seeking solutions to social conflicts
the theory developed by religious liberals to reconcile Darwinian theories with the biblical views of human origins.
the efforts of some Christian reformers to apply their religious beliefs to new social problems
the conflict between socialists and traditional religious believers
