What are the phases of a ventricular action potential?

How is the ventricular action potential duration different in long and short QT syndromes?

Why is there the plateau phase of the ventricular action potential?

What are the implications of QT syndromes? (Triggered activity)

What are the implications of QT syndromes? (Re-entrant excitation)

What are the details of Long QT syndrome?

What is the channelopathy for Long QT Type 1?

As well as long QT, what symptoms can LQT1 and LQT5 have?

Why?

Why is the Kv7.1 channel (gene=KCNQ1 - LQT1) important in the ear?

What type of mutations affect which parts of contraction in LQT?

How do K+ channel mutations affect LQT syndrome?

How do loss of function Na+ channel mutations affect LQT syndrome?

What are the treatments of long QT syndrome?

What are the details of short QT syndrome?

Which mutations affect the plateau phase? and how?

Which mutations affect the repolarisation phase? and how?

What are the treatments for short QT syndrome?

What is the equation for mean arterial blood pressure?

What are the likely suspect causes of essential hypertension?

Is hypertension genetic?

How big is the part played by genetic factors?

What are the causes of secondary hypertension?

What are the consquences of hypertension?

What are the non-pharmacological treatments for hypertension?

What are the pharmacological treatments of hypertension?

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

What specialisations rapidly transmit action potentials to the myocardium?

How does the Ca2+ concentration change after a muscle cell membrane is excited?

What happens when Ca2+ enters the muscle cell?

What are the relationships between tension, crossbridges and sarcomere length?

How is the length-tension relationship tested?

What is the force-velocity relationship?

What are the force-velocity relationship experiment results?

What does contractility measure?

When is a change in contractility seen?

What are inotropic effects?

How does noradrenaline impact maximal force (Po) and cardiac muscle contractility (Vmax)?

What is the frequency-force relationship?

How does Ca2+ relate to the frequency-force relationship?

What needs to be measured in order to calculate cardiac output?

What other methods can be used to measure cardiac output?

What are the homeometric intristic mechanisms that control cardiac output?

What are the heterometric intristic mechanisms that control cardiac output?

How does the parasympathetic NS control cardiac output?

How does the sympathetic NS control cardiac output?

What humoral factors control cardiac output?

How is tissue fluid formed?

What does tissue fluid formation depend on?

What are the humoral (extrinsic) factors involved in the control of circulation?

What are the local agent (extrinsic) factors involved in the control of circulation?

What are the autonomic (extrinsic) factors involved in the control of circulation?

Where/why does the density of sympathetic constrictors vary?

What is myogenic regulation?

What is the basal tone of vessels?

How can medullary neurones control circulation?

What are the peripheral proprioceptors (relay to medulla) that control circulation?

What is the mechanism of buffer nerves when there is an increase in arterial pressure?

What are the higher brain regions involved in control of circulation?

What is the cycle of electrical activity in the heart?

What is a pacemaker action potential like?

(diagram)

What is a pacemaker action potential like?

What is a cardiac muscle action potential like?

(Diagram)

What is a cardiac muscle action potential like?

What are the ionic events of a cardiac muscle action potential?

How does ACh and NA control pacemaker cells?

What can cause heart block?

What happens in first degree heart block?

What happens in second degree heart block?

What happens in third degree heart block?

What are the consequences of third degree heart block?

What is seen on a ECG in bundle branch block?

What is sick sinus sydrome?

What is chronic cardiac failure?

What is chronic cardiac failure evoked by?

How does chronic cardiac failure affect exercise?

What are the early compensation mechanisms for chronic cardiac failure?

What is the progression of chronic cardiac failure?

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

What is the atrial effective refractory period?

What happens when ventricles contract?

When does the aortic valve open?

What happens when the pressure in the aorta is greater than the pressure in the ventricle?

What happens when the pressure in the ventricles are below the pressure in the atria?

Blood flow into the aorta

What are the phases of the jugular pulse?

What are the asynchronies between the left and right sides of the heart? and why do they occur?

What is mitral stenosis?

When does regurgitation occur?