Unit 4 Quiz Plant Bio

❌: genetic control center of cell
❌: site of photosynthesis
❌: responsible for storing glucose produced during photosynthesis
❌: membrane-bound sacs involved in plant cell growth & storage of water and other products
❌: channels that enable transport and communication between cells
❌: regulated specialized movement of substances in and out of cells
❌: generate most of cell's chemical energy
❌: green pigment that absorbs sunlight
❌: responsible for photosynthesis & storage of starch
❌: surrounds plasma membrane

Dyes
❌ turns lignin bright red
❌ turns starch black
❌ is the general stain that shows differences between structures

All plants have ❌ cell walls which are ❌ and can ❌ as the cell grows
Some plants have ❌ cell walls which contain ❌, are ❌, and provide structural support

❌ cover and protect plant
❌ transports water, mineral, sugars to different parts
❌ serves as site for photosynthesis, and helps store water and sugar

Dermal tissue
❌ is a single layer of cells covering and protecting underlying tissue
❌ is a tough, waterproof outer layer of cork cells that protect woody plants from damage
❌ are the most numerous and least differentiated of the cells in the epidermis with thin walls, no chloroplasts, and alive at maturity. They secrete a waxy cuticle
❌ surround the stoma and help regulate rate of transpiration by opening and closing stomata, they have chloroplasts, and are the only epidermal cells capable of photosynthesis
❌ are openings through which the uptake of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen and water vapor can occur on the epidermis of aerial ports of plant
❌ are hair-like structures on surface of leaves and stems that reduce loss of water from shoot system by decreasing flow of air over plant surface & can protect against UV & overheating
❌ can store & exude compounds that defend against herbivory
❌ are tiny hair-like extensions of root epidermis that absorb water and mineral nutrients in the soil by increasing root surface

Vascular tissue
Xylem & phloem are arranged in distinct strands called ❌
❌ is sandwiched between xylem & phloem to create new vascular tissue so the plant can grow in width
❌ conducts water and minerals from roots to leaves via ❌ (loss of water from stomata of plant)
❌ are dead at maturity, have thick cell walls of lignin, and form hollow tubes for water to flow
In ❌, lignified part of cell wall forms in rings or helix allowing extension
In ❌, cell wall forms as netlike or pitted structure for mechanical support
❌ are the only living cells in xylem, involved in storage
❌ are sclerenchyma cells in between vessels and tracheids for mechanical support
❌ are composed of companion cells, sieve tube elements, phloem parenchyma, phloem sclerenchyma, are living at maturity, and conduct dissolved sugars & organic molecules in a process called translocation
❌ are main conducting channels of phloem and contain cytoplasm but no nucleus
❌ are special type of parenchyma cell found alongside sieve tubes that provide energy used during translocation
Pholem Parenchyma - ❌
Phloem Sclerenchyma - ❌

Ground tissue
❌ cells are living cells that are involved in storage and metabolism, and are made up bulk of soft internal tissue, commonly called pith
❌ cells are living cells that are long and narrow with unevenly thick cell walls found in strands or sheets beneath the epidermis and provide flexible support to actively growing regions
❌ cells are typically dead, providing structural support and protection to non growing regions and whose cell walls are hard and rigid, classified as fibers or sclereids
❌ are elongated with tapering ends and often occur in bundles
contribute more than half the volume of woody tissue and are found in all stems & leaves that are hard and tough
❌ are shorter with more abundant and elaborate pitting and are found in structures like seed coats, walnut shells, peach pits

Stems

Epidermis of stem has distinct ❌ exuded by aerial dermal cells
Vascular bundles ❌
❌ have scattered vascular bundles without meristematic vascular cambium
❌ have vascular bundles arranged in a ring with distinct line of vascular cambium seperating xylem from phloem
Outer ground tissue of dicot stem is the ❌, inner tissue is ❌

Roots

❌ of a root will vary from epidermis of shoots because in that it won't have a cuticle since it needs to absorb soil water
❌ is composed of parenchyma cells loosely packed for aeration and whose primary function is storage of extra sugar as starch
❌ is innermost layer of cortex with tightly packed cells with waterproof band known as Casparian strip that regulates flow of water into xylem
❌ is a layer of cells just within the endodermis containing meristematic cells where lateral roots emerge from
❌ is the cluster of vascular tissue at the center of the root 
In dicots, the stele ❌
In monocots, the stele ❌ (parenchyma cells similar to the cortex)

Leaves
❌ of leaves will have distinct cuticle and upper & lower epidermal layer
Stomata mostly on underside of leaf to protect from debris and keep sheltered from direct light to limit water loss
❌ leaves have distinct palisade and spongy mesophyll (middle leaf) cells
❌ cells are the main photosynthesizers in the leaf and occur just below the epidermis will be rectangular, filled with chloroplasts
❌ cells are small and irregular occurring close to lower epidermis, they have large air pockets for gas exchange
❌ leaves have regularly occurring vascular bundles that can be seen in cross section due to parallel venation
❌ of dicots means a cross section will only capture a few veins so their vascular bundles will appear more irregular and scattered