PSY3 Personality disorders

Personality Disorders
• Persistent maladaptive or culturally infrequent, ❌, poor interpersonal ❌
• Inflexible and pervasive across ❌
• Significant ❌
• Often traced back to ❌

• Categorically conceptualised - Psychiatric classification
• Are dimensional - ranges from ❌
• Normal vs. Abnormal traits - there are ❌ variants of normal traits seen and sometimes abnormal traits that only exist in ❌ individuals.

Personality disorders fall into three general clusters:
• Cluster A – odd or eccentric
❌
• Cluster B – dramatic, emotional, or erratic
Antisocial, ❌
• Cluster C – anxious or fearful
❌ obsessive-compulsive

Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric PDs.
• People with these disorders display behaviors ❌ to, but not as ❌ as, schizophrenia
• Little known about ❌

1. Paranoid PD - 2% prevalence
Deep suspicion or ❌ of others. Hypersensitivity, vigilance, and caution. Pathological ❌. ❌

2. Schizoid PD - <1% prevalence, more common in men
Persistent ❌. Limited ❌ expression. ❌ and reclusive.

3. Schizotypal PD - 0.6% to 4% prevalence
❌ (odd beliefs, thoughts, speech, unusual perceptual experiences), ❌ ideation, excessive ❌.

Cluster B: "Dramatic” PDs. Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior. Almost impossible to have satisfying ❌.

1. Antisocial PD - 1-3% prevalence, More common in men
Disregard for ❌ norms, ❌ behavior, impulsive, irresponsible, prone to ❌/aggression, deceitful and manipulative, lack of ❌. Evidence of Conduct Disorder before age 15.

+ Psychopathy symptoms (addition to APD): Interpersonal deficits, superficial ❌, grandiosity, social potency, ❌ anxiety, shallow ❌, lack of ❌, guilt, and remorse, inability of form deep relationships, fearlessness

2. Borderline Personality Disorder - 3-4% prevalence, common in ❌
Instability of self-image and relationships - ❌ disturbance, intense interpersonal ❌, idolization vs. devaluation (black/white thinking). Affective instability - Dysphoria and chronic feelings of ❌, extreme emotional response to ❌. Impulsive, unpredictable, and destructive behavior.. ❌ etc.
Biopsychosocial Theory - ❌ could be the cause. ❌ as Tx. (D = dialectal).

3. Histrionic PD.
No research on etiology or treatment. Extremely dramatic, ❌ emotions, ❌-seeking behaviors. Vain, self-centered, and demanding.

4. Narcissistic Personality Disorder - uncommon
Grandiose, need much admiration. ❌ of empathy. Seldom interested in feelings of others. Expect constant ❌ from those around them. Association with superiority. Exaggerate achievements, appear arrogant/haughty. Causes? Psychodynamic theory = ❌ parents. Behavioral and cognitive theorists = too much ❌.

Cluster C: “Anxious” PDs. All more common in ❌.

1. Avoidant PD. 2% prevalence, 14% of those in treatment.
Uncomfortable and inhibited in ❌ situations. Feelings of ❌. Sensitive to ❌ evaluation. ❌ close friends.

2. Dependent PD. Uncommon.
Central feature: difficulty with ❌. Pervasive, excessive need to be taken ❌ of. Clingy and obedient. Rely on others for ❌. Feel ❌; dislike selves.

3. Obsessive-Compulsive PD. (Different from OCD) 1-2% prevalence, 9% in treatment.
Preoccupied with order, perfection, and ❌, lose flexibility, openness, and efficiency. Unreasonably ❌ for selves and others. Rigid and stubborn; trouble expressing ❌.

Limitations with DSM-5 system:
• Excessive ❌ exists
• Inadequate coverage
• Excessive within-diagnosis ❌
• No clear boundary between normal and pathological personality
• Inadequate scientific base

Solution?
Dimensional personality traits define disorders = individuals vary in ❌ rather than in kind. Impairment in ❌ due to extreme manifestation of personality traits results in disorder diagnosis.