Max Tuggle
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Basic infection, immunity & therapeutics. Bacterial & viral structure and function Bacterial & viral human pathogens & life cycles

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Max Tuggle
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BHCS001 Basic Immunity, bacterial & viral structure (1-3)

Question 1 of 80

1

Mark the common feature between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Select one of the following:

  • Shape of DNA

  • Number of chromosomes

  • A prokaryotic cell is similar to a eukaryotic organelle

  • Cell wall

  • Peptidoglycan

Explanation

Question 2 of 80

1

The largest bacteria which can be visible by unaided eye is_______

Select one of the following:

  • Thiomargarita namibiensis

  • Lactobacillus

  • Mycoplasma

  • Pseudomonas

Explanation

Question 3 of 80

1

Which of the following is NOT bacteria?

Select one of the following:

  • Gram-positive bacteria

  • Mitochondrion

  • Chloroplast

  • Methanogens

  • Hyperthermophiles

Explanation

Question 4 of 80

1

Peptidoglycan

Select one of the following:

  • Bacteria and gives energy to cell

  • Archaea and gives energy to cell

  • Bacteria and gives strength to structure

  • Archaea and gives strength to structure

  • Bacteria and assists with growth

Explanation

Question 5 of 80

1

Which of the following is NOT the basic shape of the bacteria?

Select one of the following:

  • Rod shape

  • Square shape

  • Comma shape

  • Spiral shape

Explanation

Question 6 of 80

1

Which of the following organisms have thick peptidoglycan in their cell wall?

Select one of the following:

  • Gram-negative bacteria

  • Gram-positive bacteria

  • Yeast

  • Moulds

  • Prion

Explanation

Question 7 of 80

1

Each of the following statements concerning the Gram stain is correct except:

Select one of the following:

  • Escherichia coli stains pink because it has a thin peptidoglycan layer

  • Streptococcus pyogens stains blue because it has a thick peptidoglycan layer

  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae is not visible in the Gram’s stain because it does not have a cell wall

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis stains blue because it has a thick lipid layer

  • Escherichia coli stains pink because it has a thick peptidoglycan layer

Explanation

Question 8 of 80

1

Which among the following are produced by microorganisms?

Select one of the following:

  • Fermented dairy products

  • Breads

  • Alcoholic beverages

  • All of the above

Explanation

Question 9 of 80

1

Type strain is used for referring to?

Select one of the following:

  • Species

  • Genus

  • Family

  • Division

Explanation

Question 10 of 80

1

The correct order of taxonomic groups from higher to lower rank is?

Select one of the following:

  • Kingdom—Order—Class—Family

  • Order—Class—Division—Family—Genus—Species

  • Kingdom—Order—Division—Family—Class—Genus—Species

  • Kingdom—Division—Class—Order—Family—Genus—Species

  • Order—genus—Class—Family—Division—Kingdom

Explanation

Question 11 of 80

1

What are ribosomes composed of?

Select one of the following:

  • Proteins

  • Proteins and DNA

  • DNA

  • RNA

  • Proteins and RNA

Explanation

Question 12 of 80

1

What is the correct order of staining reagents in Gram-Staining?

Select one of the following:

  • Crystal violet, alcohol, iodine solution, safranin

  • Crystal violet, iodine solution, safranin, alcohol

  • Crystal violet, iodine solution, alcohol, safranin

  • Crystal violet, safranin, alcohol, iodine solution

  • Iodine solution, crystal violet, alcohol, safranin

Explanation

Question 13 of 80

1

Which bacteria appears purple-violet colour after staining?

Select one of the following:

  • Gram-positive

  • Gram-negative

  • Niether

  • Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative

  • Neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative

Explanation

Question 14 of 80

1

Which of the following are true for Gram-negative bacteria?

Select one of the following:

  • Upon alcohol treatment, the permeability of the cell wall increases

  • Crystal violet-iodine (CV-I) complex is extracted

  • Pore size decreases and the CV-I complex cannot be extracted

  • Alcohol treatment increases the permeability of the cell wall and the CV-I complex can be extracted

  • Upon alcohol treatment, the permeability of the cell wall decreases

Explanation

Question 15 of 80

1

Which of the staining technique helps in demonstrating spore structure in bacteria as well as free spores?

Select one of the following:

  • Acid-fast stain

  • Endospore stain

  • Capsule stain

  • Flagella stain

  • Blood stain

Explanation

Question 16 of 80

1

In Gram-staining, iodine is used as a______________

Select one of the following:

  • Fixative

  • Mordant

  • Solubilizer

  • unsolubilizer

  • Stain

Explanation

Question 17 of 80

1

Which of the following is the example of Gram-negative bacteria?

Select one of the following:

  • Lactobacillus

  • Eschericia coli

  • Staphylococcus aureus

  • Bacillus subtilis

Explanation

Question 18 of 80

1

Peptidoglycan layer is present in large quantity in?

Select one of the following:

  • Algae

  • Fungi

  • Gram-negative bacteria

  • Gram-positive bacteria

  • Archaea

Explanation

Question 19 of 80

1

The outer membarane of the Gram-negative cell wall is anchored to the underlying peptidoglycan by means of which of the following?

Select one of the following:

  • Braun’s Lipoprotein

  • Sugars

  • Phospholipids

  • Lipopolysaccharide

  • Proteins

Explanation

Question 20 of 80

1

The organisms which can use reduced inorganic compounds as electron donors are known
as _________

Select one of the following:

  • Chemotrophs

  • Euryarchaeota

  • Organotrophs

  • Lithotrophs

  • Phototrophs

Explanation

Question 21 of 80

1

The organisms which obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donor
are ________

Select one of the following:

  • Eukaryotes

  • Lichen

  • Crenarchaeota

  • Virus

  • Chemotrophs

Explanation

Question 22 of 80

1

Autotrophs are consumers. E.g. dogs, birds, fish and humans.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 23 of 80

1

Halophiles thrive in high salt conditions

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 24 of 80

1

Psychrophiles thrive in high temperatures.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 25 of 80

1

What is the conversion of carbon-containing molecules and nutrients into organic matter and uses oxidation of inorganic compounds as a source of energy?

Select one of the following:

  • Endocytosis

  • Phagocytosis

  • Protozoa

  • Binary Fission

  • Chemosythesis

Explanation

Question 26 of 80

1

Archaea are prokaryotes.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 27 of 80

1

Which of the following are functions of water in the culture medium?

Select one of the following:

  • Nutrients must be in aqueous solution

  • Stable pH level

  • Cofactor of enzymes

  • Provides resistance to sudden transient temperature changes

  • It is a chemical reactant, nutrients must also be present in aqueous solution and provides resistance to sudden temperature changes.

Explanation

Question 28 of 80

1

Which of the following instrument is used for sterilizing the media after it has been prepared?

Select one of the following:

  • Autoclave

  • Distilled water

  • Laminar Air Flow Chamber

  • Inoculum Needle

  • Incubator

Explanation

Question 29 of 80

1

Colony formation can be observed in liquid media broth.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 30 of 80

1

The temperature that allows for most rapid growth during a short period of time is known as __________.

Select one of the following:

  • Minimum Temperature

  • Optimum Temperature

  • Medium Temperature

  • Growth Temperature

  • Maximum Temperature

Explanation

Question 31 of 80

1

Mesophiles are group of bacteria that grow within the temperature range of?

Select one of the following:

  • Less than 0 degree Celsius

  • 0-20 degree Celsius

  • 25-40 degree Celsius

  • 45-60 degree Celsius

  • More than 60 degree Celsius

Explanation

Question 32 of 80

1

The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is which type of bacteria?

Select one of the following:

  • Psychrophile

  • Mesophile

  • Thermophile

  • Mesophile and psychrophile

  • Neutrophile

Explanation

Question 33 of 80

1

Microaerophilic bacteria require low levels of oxygen for growth.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 34 of 80

1

Which of the following is a function of phosphates used in the preparation of media?

Select one of the following:

  • They act as buffer

  • Nothing

  • Source of phosphorous

  • Act as “reserve alkali”

  • They act as buffer and is a source of phosphorous

Explanation

Question 35 of 80

1

The optimum pH for the growth of most bacteria lies between_______

Select one of the following:

  • 5 - 9

  • 6.5 - 7.5

  • 2 - 3.5

  • 9 - 9.5

  • 4 - 5

Explanation

Question 36 of 80

1

Growth of bacteria or microorganisms refer to __________________.

Select one of the following:

  • Glucose cello-logy

  • An increase in the size of an individual organism

  • An increase in the mass of an individual organism

  • Changes in the total population

  • An increase in number of cells

Explanation

Question 37 of 80

1

Transverse binary fission requires the formation of a crosswall(septum).

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 38 of 80

1

The synthesis of new membrane material during reproduction in Gram-positive cells is performed by which of the following organelles?

Select one of the following:

  • Nucleus

  • Mesosome

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • Cytoplasmic membrane

  • Ribosome

Explanation

Question 39 of 80

1

When septum formation occurs near the pole of cell then it results in the formation of daughter cell known as _________

Select one of the following:

  • Microcell

  • Macrocell

  • Minicell

  • Daughter cell

  • New cell

Explanation

Question 40 of 80

1

Which of the following does not occur during binary fission in bacteria?

Select one of the following:

  • Chromosome separation

  • Cell elongation

  • Cytokinesis

  • DNA duplication

  • Spindle formation

Explanation

Question 41 of 80

1

The portion of the growth curve where a rapid growth of bacteria is observed is known as ____________

Select one of the following:

  • Lag phase

  • Logarithmic phase

  • Stationary phase

  • Decline phase

  • Improvement phase

Explanation

Question 42 of 80

1

Lag phase is also known as ___________

Select one of the following:

  • Period of initial adjustment

  • Transitional period

  • Generation time

  • Period of rapid growth

  • Pausing

Explanation

Question 43 of 80

1

In which of the following phase secondary metabolites are produced during growth?

Select one of the following:

  • Lag phase

  • Log/Exponential phase

  • Stationary phase

  • Death phase

Explanation

Question 44 of 80

1

Which of the following is an indirect method for measuring bacterial growth?

Select one of the following:

  • Cell count

  • Cell mass

  • Cell activity

  • Both Cell mass and Cell activity

  • Cell size

Explanation

Question 45 of 80

1

Isolation of pure culture refers to ___________

Select one of the following:

  • Purification of culture

  • Trapping all microorganisms

  • Introduction of inoculum

  • Separation of a single colony

  • To grow microorganisms on a surface

Explanation

Question 46 of 80

1

Enrichment media allows the growth of a large number of varied bacterial species

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 47 of 80

1

A large cluster of colonies are obtained in streak plate method.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 48 of 80

1

The respiratory chain of bacteria is associated with the _____________

Select one of the following:

  • Mitochondrial membrane

  • Cytoplasmic membrane

  • Cell wall

  • Cytoplasm

  • Ribosome

Explanation

Question 49 of 80

1

Safranin will stain bacterial cells blue

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 50 of 80

1

Cocci is spherical shaped.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 51 of 80

1

Protozoa is colourless

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 52 of 80

1

What does protozoa use to obtain nutrients?

Select one of the following:

  • Osmosis

  • Photosynthesis

  • Chemosynthesis

  • Phagocytosis

  • Passive transport

Explanation

Question 53 of 80

1

Fungi have a cell wall

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 54 of 80

1

Viruses of bacteria that can kill and lyse the bacteria they infect are called _________

Select one of the following:

  • Lichen

  • Infections

  • Vaccination

  • Anti-microphile

  • Bacteriophage

Explanation

Question 55 of 80

1

Protozoa are eukaryotes

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 56 of 80

1

Whats made up of single types of protein subunits stacked around a central axis. (E.g. Tobacco mosaic virus.)

Select one of the following:

  • Polyhedral

  • Helical

  • Complex

  • Envelop

  • Spherical

Explanation

Question 57 of 80

1

What virus has a tail?

Select one of the following:

  • Helical

  • Polyhedral

  • Complex

  • Envelop

  • Spherical

Explanation

Question 58 of 80

1

Adenovirus is an _______

Select one of the following:

  • Helical

  • Polyhedral

  • Complex

  • Envelop

  • Spherical

Explanation

Question 59 of 80

1

Viruses are unicellular

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 60 of 80

1

Protein synthesis occurs in the Influenza life cycle.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 61 of 80

1

Acidophile

Select one of the following:

  • pH 5 or below

  • pH 6 - 8

  • pH 9+

Explanation

Question 62 of 80

1

What cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

Select one of the following:

  • Strict aerobe

  • Strict anaerobe

  • Facultative anaerobes

  • Aero-tolerent anaerobes

  • Micro-aerophile

Explanation

Question 63 of 80

1

What grows better in the presence of oxygen, but will grow without it?

Select one of the following:

  • Strict aerobe

  • Strict anaerobe

  • Facultative anaerobes

  • Aero-Tolerant anaerobes

  • Micro-aerophile

Explanation

Question 64 of 80

1

What depends on oxygen to grow

Select one of the following:

  • Strict aerobe

  • Strict anaerobe

  • Facultative anaerobes

  • Aero-Tolerant anaerobes

  • Micro-aerophile

Explanation

Question 65 of 80

1

Gram negative bacteria......

Which statement is wrong?

Select one of the following:

  • 10% of cell wall is peptidoglycan

  • Contains teichoic acid

  • No outer membrane

  • Does not retain crystal violet

  • High lipid/lipoprotein content

Explanation

Question 66 of 80

1

Gram postive bacteria....

Which answer is wrong?

Select one of the following:

  • 90% of cell wall is peptidoglycan

  • Contains teichoic

  • High lipid/lipoprotein content

  • Retains crystal violet

  • Has outer membrane

Explanation

Question 67 of 80

1

The function of bacteria capsule is to _________

Select one of the following:

  • Link amino acids together in the order specified by mRNA.

  • Assit in attaching to other cells and surfaces.

  • Help bacteria move towards nutrients and away from toxic chemicals.

  • Keep bacterium from drying out and protects from phagocytosis.

  • Regulate passage of substances in and out of cell.

Explanation

Question 68 of 80

1

The function of bacteria pilli is to _________

Select one of the following:

  • Link amino acids together in the order specified by mRNA.

  • Assit in attaching to other cells and surfaces.

  • Help bacteria move towards nutrients and away from toxic chemicals.

  • Keep bacterium from drying out and protects from phagocytosis.

  • Regulate passage of substances in and out of cell.

Explanation

Question 69 of 80

1

Bacterial life cycle is an asexual process

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 70 of 80

1

Lysozymes in tears kills ________.

Select one of the following:

  • Infection

  • Viruses

  • Moulds

  • Gram-positive bacteria

  • Gram-negative bacteria

Explanation

Question 71 of 80

1

Influenze virus is polyhedral

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 72 of 80

1

Adenovirus is polyhedral.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 73 of 80

1

Bacteria from a pure culture which is used to start a new culture is called __________?

Select one of the following:

  • Spreading

  • Agar

  • Gram negative

  • Gram postive

  • Inoculum

Explanation

Question 74 of 80

1

Enveloped viruses are less sensitive to drying/heating conditions rather than naked capsid viruses.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 75 of 80

1

The naked capsid virus is more hostile compared to the enveloped virus due to it breaking down the cell membrane through lysis.

Select one of the following:

  • True
  • False

Explanation

Question 76 of 80

1

In the virus life cycle, an active, intracellular stage is called the __________ stage.

Select one of the following:

  • Metabolic

  • Infectious

  • Log

  • Attachment

  • Biosynthesis

Explanation

Question 77 of 80

1

The area of no growth is what we call a ____________

Select one of the following:

  • Viral plaque

  • Complex

  • Plaque assay

  • Inoculum

  • Spec

Explanation

Question 78 of 80

1

Where would you find a prophage?

Select one of the following:

  • Virus life cycle

  • Lytic life cycle

  • Lysogenic life cycle

  • Bacterial life cycle

  • Food life cycle

Explanation

Question 79 of 80

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Another word for lytic is

Explanation

Question 80 of 80

1

Fill the blank space to complete the text.

Another word for lysogenic is .

Explanation

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