4.1.1 State what eukaryotic chromosomes are made of

4.1.2 Define Gene

4.1.2 Define Allele

4.1.2 Define genome

4.1.3 Define gene mutation

4.1.4 What is a base substitution mutation?

4.1.4 What are the causes of Sickle Cell Anaemia?

4.1.4 What are the consequences of Sickle Cell Anaemia?

4.2.4 What is non-disjunction in meiosis?

4.2.4 Why would chromosomes fail to separate in meiosis?

4.2.4 What is the cause of Down Syndrome?

4.2.5 State how chromosomes are arranged during karyotyping

4.2.5 Outline what karyotyping involves

2.4.6 What is pre-natal karyotyping used for?

2.4.6 Through which two processes are pre-natal cells collected for karyotyping?

4.3.4 Describe ABO blood groups as an example of codominance and multiple alleles

4.3.4 Desribe donor and recipient characteristcs of each blood type

4.3.5 What is special about the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans?

4.3.5 What does the Y-chromosome contain and what does this mean?

3.4.5 What do the different sizes in X and Y-chromosomes prohibit?

4.3.7 Define sex linkage

3.4.7 Describe the inheritance colour blindness and haemophilia as examples of sex linkage

4.4.1 Outline the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

4.4.1 What does PCR involve?

4.4.1 How many identical copies of the DNA sequence does one cycle of PCR yield?

4.4.2 What is the use of gel electrophoresis?

4.4.2 Outline the process of gel electrophoresis?

4.4.4 What are two applications of DNA profiling?

4.4.4 Describe the application of DNA profiling to determine paternity and aid forensic investigation

4.4.5 Outline three outcomes of sequencing the complete human genome

4.4.8 Outline a basic technique used for gene transfer involving plasmids, a host cell (bacterium, yeast or other cell), restriction enzymes (endonucleases) and DNA ligase

4.4.9 State two examples of current uses of genetically modified crops

4.4.9 State two examples of current uses of genetically modified animals?

4.4.10 What are the potential benefits of using gm-crops like Bt Corn?

4.4.10 What are the potential harmful effects of a gm-crop such as Bt Corn?

4.4.11 Define clone

4.4.12 Outline a technique for cloning using differentiated animal cells

4.4.13 What are the ethical arguments for therapeutic cloning?

4.4.13 What are the ethical arguments against therapeutic cloning?