NMS Semester 2 Set 1 Quiz - The brain, hearing, taste and olfaction.

Question 1 of 41

1

What is a function of the frontal lobe?

Select one of the following:

Personality
Visual processing
Sensory analysis
Memory

Explanation

Question 2 of 41

1

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Select one of the following:

Personality
Visual processing
Memory
Sensory analysis

Explanation

Question 3 of 41

1

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Select one of the following:

Personality
Memory
Visual processing
Sensory analysis

Explanation

Question 4 of 41

1

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Select one of the following:

Sensory analysis
Memory
Visual processing
Personality

Explanation

Question 5 of 41

1

What is the function of the pyramidal decussation?

Select one of the following:

It supplies motor fibres to the rest of the body
It connects the cerebellum to the rest of the CNS
It is part of the ventricular system that produces CSF

Explanation

Question 6 of 41

1

The cerebellar penduncles are the linkage between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 7 of 41

1

What structures are supplied by the anterior cerebral artery?

Select one or more of the following:

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

Explanation

Question 8 of 41

1

What structures are supplied by the middle cerebral artery?

Select one of the following:

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

Explanation

Question 9 of 41

1

What structures are supplied by the posterior cerebral artery?

Select one of the following:

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

Explanation

Question 10 of 41

1

99.9% of sound would be lost without the middle ear ossicles that convert air to fluid energy.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 11 of 41

1

Three tiny muscles attach to the middle ear ossicles to dampen the sound produced by your own body.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 12 of 41

1

The high surface area of the tympanic membrane gives it high sensitivity so small sounds can be detected.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 13 of 41

1

What is the correct process in which sound is perceived?

Select one of the following:

Conduction of soundwave from oval window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes depolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon depolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.
Conduction of soundwave from oval window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes repolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon repolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.
Conduction of soundwave from oral window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes depolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon depolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.

Explanation

Question 14 of 41

1

Which area of the cochlea/basilar membrane are receptive to high and low frequency sounds?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 15 of 41

1

Why are lower frequency sounds detected further along the length of the cochlea?

Select one of the following:

The basilar membrane is narrow and stiff at the base and wide and floppy at the apex and therefore low energy sounds wobble the apex which is picked up by the brain as a low frequency sound.
The basilar membrane is wide and floppy at the base and narrow and stiff at the apex and therefore high energy sounds such as those that are low frequency wobble the apex which is picked up by the brain as a low frequency sound.
Low frequency sounds have higher energy and travel further along the basilar membrane. This causes deflection of the stereocilia further along the length of the cochlea and therefore detection of low frequency sounds.

Explanation

Question 16 of 41

1

Are inner hair cells myelinated or unmyelinated? What is the benefit of this?

Select one or more of the following:

Myelinated
Unmyelinated
Conduction to the brain is faster
Conduction to the brain is slowed and has enough time to process the information

Explanation

Question 17 of 41

1

What is the route of transmission of hearing to the brain?

Select one of the following:

Spiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> Auditory cortex
Spiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> Visual cortex
Spiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> lateral geniculate nucleus -> Auditory cortex

Explanation

Question 18 of 41

1

How can the brain cause descending influence to dampen hearing?

Select one or more of the following:

Attenuation reflex (two tiny muscles)
Alter sensitivity of outer hair cells
Thicken the tympanic membrane
Contract the cochlear to reduce basilar membrane wobble

Explanation

Question 19 of 41

1

What is conductive deafness?

Select one of the following:

Problem with the ossicles of the middle ear
Damaged hair cells that cannot perceive sound anymore
A problem with higher brain centres like the auditory cortex

Explanation

Question 20 of 41

1

What is sensorineural deafness?

Select one of the following:

Problem with the ossicles of the middle ear
Damage to the hair cells
A problem with higher brain centres like the auditory cortex

Explanation

Question 21 of 41

1

What is central deafness?

Select one of the following:

Problems with the ossicles in the middle ear
Damage to the hair cells
Problems with higher brain centres such as the auditory cortex

Explanation

Question 22 of 41

1

A cochleal implant effectively emulates the basilar membrane. Low frequency sounds travel further along the implant wiring and high frequency sounds travel a shorter distance and this input can be directly linked to the auditory nerve to stimulate it.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 23 of 41

1

Taste cells are sensory neurons.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 24 of 41

1

Salt is detected via gated Na+ channels.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 25 of 41

1

Upon activation, sour detectors (PKD2L1 and PKD1L3) are depolarised and cause Ca2+ entry etc.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 26 of 41

1

What tastes are detected by the activation of G-protein coupled receptors?

Select one or more of the following:

Salt
Sour
Umami
Bitter
Sweet

Explanation

Question 27 of 41

1

What is the mechanism by which sweet, umami and bitter tastes are detected?

Select one of the following:

Receptor activated -> associated heterotrimeric complex alpha sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
Receptor activated -> associated heterotrimeric complex beta sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
Receptor activated -> associated heterodimeric complex alpha sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
Receptor activated -> associated heterodimeric complex beta sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP

Explanation

Question 28 of 41

1

Which taste receptor is constant for sweet and umami (NOT PRESENT IN BITTER!)?

Select one of the following:

T1R3
T2R
T1R1
T1R2

Explanation

Question 29 of 41

1

Which taste receptor is variable for sweet?

Select one of the following:

T1R2
T2R
T1R1
T1R3

Explanation

Question 30 of 41

1

Which taste receptor is variable for umami?

Select one of the following:

T1R1
T1R2
T2R
T1R3

Explanation

Question 31 of 41

1

Which taste receptor is variable for bitter?

Select one of the following:

T2R
T1R3
T1R2
T1R1

Explanation

Question 32 of 41

1

Each taste cell can detect multiple types of taste.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 33 of 41

1

Where does taste information go to in the CNS?

Select one of the following:

Primary gustatory cortex
Pre-frontal gustatory cortex
Frontal cortex
Hippocampus

Explanation

Question 34 of 41

1

Olfaction is more sensitive than taste.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 35 of 41

1

What is the mechanism of olfaction?

Select one of the following:

Odorant binds -> alpha subunit of heterotrimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
Odorant binds -> beta subunit of heterotrimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
Odorant binds -> alpha subunit of heterodimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
Odorant binds -> beta subunit of heterodimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.

Explanation

Question 36 of 41

1

Olfactory cells can only be stimulated by one type of odorant each.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 37 of 41

1

Olfactory cells of the same type converge into a common glomerulus where signals are then carried via the olfactory tract to the brain.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 38 of 41

1

Olfactory cells are neurones

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 39 of 41

1

What three areas of the brain detect smell?

Select one or more of the following:

Pre-frontal cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex
Olfactory cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Explanation

Question 40 of 41

1

Detection of specific odorants requires specific coordination of neurons in the brain which produces smell profiles.

Select one of the following:

True
False

Explanation

Question 41 of 41

1

The brain never considers taste and smell when trying to fine tune the two senses.

Select one of the following:

True
False

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