Who wrote this piece and what did they do for a living?

What does "from the top" mean?

What is the key of this piece?

What does C or 4/4 mean?

What is the name for 1 beat, 2 beats and 1/2 a beat?

What is the name for a 2 beat rest and 1 beat rest?

What is the suggested tempo for this piece?

What are ties?

What are slurs?

What are these - p, mp, mf, f?