Rani Ravnsfjall
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Rani Ravnsfjall
Created by Rani Ravnsfjall over 2 years ago
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Physio cycle 1 (part 2)

Question 1 of 127

1

Vasopressin is released when

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. increased blood pressure

  • b. increased blood volume

  • c. increased osmotic pressure of blood and cerebrospinal fluid

  • d. decreased blood volume

  • e. decreased osmotic pressure of blood and cerebrospinal fluid

Explanation

Question 2 of 127

1

Growth factor stimulated by

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. hyperglycemia

  • b. hypoglycemia (L-Dopa i dopamine, a-adrenergic agonists, encephalins, vasopressin, Low FFA in blood)

  • c. stress and sleep (REM)

  • d. physical excercise

Explanation

Question 3 of 127

1

. identify factors reducing affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. acidosis (high pH)

  • b. increase concentration of 2,3 BPG in erythrocytes (+ increase pCO2)

  • c. increased temperature

  • d. decreased pH of blood

Explanation

Question 4 of 127

1

Water

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. has low specific heat and therefore is a good source of heat storage

  • b. it can pass easily through NA channels

  • c. good solvent because of its polarity

Explanation

Question 5 of 127

1

Simple diffusion:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. protein can diffuse easily through membrane

  • b. depends on chemical gradient concentration

  • c. hydrophobic proteins cannot diffuse via membrane

Explanation

Question 6 of 127

1

Erythrocytes of newborn

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. contain immature hemoglobin that matures during first week after delivery

  • b. hemoglobin has higher affinity to oxygen


  • c. have small nucleus

  • d. contain less hemoglobin than mature erythrocytes

Explanation

Question 7 of 127

1

Agglutination of erythrocytes is in vitro phenomenon. Which of following processes may facilitate agglutination.

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Cooling (decreasing of temp) of the in vitro preparation

  • b. Administration of immunoglobulins against human IgG (idea of indirect antiglobulin test/indirect Coombs test)

  • c. Enzymatic modification of molecules of the IgG immunoglobulins

  • d. Activation of the complete system performed by complexes antigen immunoglobulins IgM/IgG

Explanation

Question 8 of 127

1

In healthy humans which of the following morphological elements of peripheral blood have the shortest life span:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Macrophages

  • b. Thrombocytes

  • c. Hematopoietic stem cells

  • d. erythrocytes

  • e. Memory B lymphocyte

Explanation

Question 9 of 127

1

PCV (Packed Cell Volume) of the female is 20%. Identify right sentence concerning her case

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Her RBC is approximately 3,5 mln/mm3

  • b. She is in state of dehydration

  • c. The client suffers because of anemia

  • d. The client is in a state of polycythemia

  • e. Her RBC is approximately 2,0 mln/mm3

Explanation

Question 10 of 127

1

Identify right statement concerning EPO:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. 85% of erythrocytes comes from kidney and 15% from liver

  • b. it is synthesized in the kidney and next hydroxylated in liver in effect of hypoxia

  • c. Chemoattractant facilitates homing of blood progenitor cells in bone marrow

  • d. Bilaterally nephrectomized (removal of both kidneys) patients are able maintain proper erythropoiesis

  • e. EPO stimulates differentiation of erythrocytes from cells of Colony Forming Unit of Mixed Lineages

  • f. G-CSF and interleukins 3 stimulates differentiation of erythrocytes from Colony Forming Unit of Mixed-Lineages

Explanation

Question 11 of 127

1

Hematopoietic stem cells play key role in human organism. Identify right statement.

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. migrate among stem cell niches of embryo

  • b. possesses ability for self renewal, highly resistant to radio chemotherapy

  • c. HSCs are not able to differentiate into blood cells of lymphoid lineage

  • d. Migration of HSCs finishes after birth. Hematopoiesis is performed in axial skeleton + proximal parts of long bones -

Explanation

Question 12 of 127

1

Identify the right statement related to counting of leukocytes in hemocytometers (Such as Burker chamber):

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Measurement of leukocytes requires previous hemolysis of erythrocytes

  • b. Fluids used for counting of leukocytes shrink erythrocytes

  • c. Fluids used for counting of leukocytes stain organelles of leukocytes

  • d. Counting of leukocytes requires previous staining of all blood cells

  • e. Hypertonic solution used for counting of leukocytes dilutes blood

Explanation

Question 13 of 127

1

Which of the following statements concerning sedimentation of erythrocytes are true

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Assessment of ESR requires centrifugation of erythrocytes

  • b. Increase of globulins concentration and decrease of albumin concentration in plasma decreases aggregating ability of erythrocytes. Due to this reason ESR rises

  • c. Normal ESR in healthy adult humans is usually lower than 10 mm/hour

  • d. ESR increases during menstruation and after physical exercise

Explanation

Question 14 of 127

1

Which of the following statements concerning sedimentation of erythrocytes are true

Select one or more of the following:

  • Assessment of ESR requires centrifugation of erythrocytes

  • b. Increase of globulins concentration and decrease of albumin concentration in plasma increases aggregating ability of erythrocytes. Due to this reason ESR rises

  • d) ESR increases during menstruation and after physical exercise

Explanation

Question 15 of 127

1

Hemolysis of the normal erythrocyte can occur (find best answer):

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. in concentrated solution of urea

  • b. in isotonic solution of glucose

  • c. in distilled water

  • d. in effect of dehydration (water-loss)

  • e. in 0,5% saline

Explanation

Question 16 of 127

1

Which of following statement concerning erythrocytes are true:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. RDW (red blood cell distribution width) is quantitative measure of MCV

  • b. MCV is an erythrocyte index expressing average volume of erythrocytes

  • c. C of hemoglobin in blood of healthy adult women ranges 12-16 g/dL

  • d. Standard erythrocyte due to its size + shape is not able to pass via capillaries which diameter is lower than 10 micrometer

Explanation

Question 17 of 127

1

Identify right statements concerning an antigen:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. it is secreted by plasmocytes in effect of immune response

  • b. it is any substance which is able to induce specific immune-response

  • c. it is secreted by T-lymphocytes in effect of immune response

  • d. able to activate complement system when bound by APCs

Explanation

Question 18 of 127

1

Which of following statements may characterize basophiles of blood:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. They have large, dark blue granules in their cytoplasm

  • b. they present antigens to immune competent cells

  • c. they account for 5-10% of all leukocytes of peripheral blood

  • d. their granules contain histamine, heparin and other chemicals involved in allergic and immune responses

Explanation

Question 19 of 127

1

Functions of ionized calcium in organism are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. it inhibits secretory processes

  • b. maintains proper functioning of cellular membrane transport

  • c. factor 4 of coagulation supports proper coagulation process

  • d. it modifies hemoglobin which reduces hemoglobin affinity for oxygen

Explanation

Question 20 of 127

1

Identify right statements concerning tetany:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. high plasma of magnesium produces tetany

  • b. hypocalcemia produces tetany

  • c. tetany can be observed in people whose ventilation is depressed

  • d. tetany will be observed in people with elevated level of PTH in plasma

  • e. tetany can be observed in hyperventilating people

Explanation

Question 21 of 127

1

Which statement characterize IgG immunoglobulin

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. it can easily produce aggregation in standard environment of own plasma

  • b. it cannot pass through placenta

  • c. it can activate complement system

  • d. it has two antigen binding sites

  • e. it is a memory immunoglobulin

Explanation

Question 22 of 127

1

Which of following terms and definitions properly describes hemoglobin molecules able to perform their action in conditions in human organism:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. methemoglobin which is a form of oxygenated hemoglobin present in lungs

  • b. carbaminohemoglobin, a form of deoxygenated hemoglobin bound by CO2

  • c. carbaminohemoglobin, a form of deoxygenated hemoglobin bound by CO

  • d. oxyhemoglobin, a form of oxygenated hemoglobin present in lungs

  • e. oxyhemoglobin, a form of oxidized hemoglobin dominating in erythrocytes of arterial blood

Explanation

Question 23 of 127

1

Identify factors reducing affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen in tissues

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. increases pO2 and decreases pCO2

  • b. increases concentration of 2,3 BPG in erythrocytes

  • c. decreases temp. + decreases C of glucose in hypoxic tissues

  • d. decreases pH of blood + increases-temp

Explanation

Question 24 of 127

1

Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT):

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. it is prolonged in case of low plasma concentration of fibrinogen (Factor 1)

  • b. depends on processes of intrinsic pathway of coagulation

  • c. depends on platelets count

  • d. depends on state of vascular wall

Explanation

Question 25 of 127

1

Identify proper statement concerning plasma coagulation proteins
dependent on vitamin K:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. they can be activated by heparin. substrates for thrombin

  • b. Post-translatory modification of molecules of prothrombin factor 2 + 10 in liver depends on vitamin K

  • c. activity is inhibited by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase

  • d. They are plasma coagulation factors 1, 5, 8

  • e. They are proteolytic enzymes (serine-proteases)

Explanation

Question 26 of 127

1

Identity proper statements concerning plasma coagulation proteins dependent on vitamin K

Select one or more of the following:

  • a) They can be activated by heparin

  • b) They are plasma coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X.

  • c) They are plasma coagulation factors I, V, VIII, XIII

  • d) Their activity is inhibited by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase

  • e) They are plasma coagulation factors XI, XII, HMWK -

  • Their activity is inhibited by coumarin-derivatives such as dikumarol and warfarin

Explanation

Question 27 of 127

1

Extrinsic pathway of coagulation

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. begins with exposure of collagen + activation of factor 7+3 coagulation -

  • b. begins with liberation of tissue thromboplastin (tissue factor (3))

  • c. requires factor 12 for full activation of hemostatic process

  • d. requires calcium ions (+ PL)

Explanation

Question 28 of 127

1

Find right sentences concerning hemagglutinins:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. agglutinogens are synthesized in Rh+ individuals after exposure to Rh- blood

  • b. hemagglutinins in ABO system are mostly IgM class

  • c. hemagglutinins in ABO system are inborn

  • d. in ABO system they are synthesized after immunization against antigen A + B commonly present in environment

Explanation

Question 29 of 127

1

Type AB individuals have genes which code for

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. the sequence of amino acids of both A and B antigens

  • b. enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of N-acetylgalactosamine into H antige

  • c. enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of fucose onto A antigen

  • d. enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of N-acetylgalactosamine onto D antige

  • e. enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of D-galactose onto H antigen

Explanation

Question 30 of 127

1

A pregnant woman comes in for a visit. She is AB Rh-, her husband A Rh+. This is her first child. The indirect antiglobulin test is negative.
What should be done at the time of the first visit

Select one or more of the following:

  • nothing

  • a. nothing
    b. administration of anti D-immunoglobulin to the mother at this time

  • c. administration of anti D-immunoglobulin to the mother after delivery

  • d. administration of anti D-immunoglobulin to the child if the child is Rh+

Explanation

Question 31 of 127

1

A couple requests blood typing of their child (father AB, mother B). Child erythrocytes are agglutinated by antigen B immunoglobulin, not agglutination by anti A or anti D) Child serum agglutinates A typed erythrocytes, does not agglutinate B typed erythrocytes. Which of following conclusions concerning child's blood type and child´s parentage:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. the child is the natural offspring of this couple

  • b. the mother is natural, the father is not the natural father

  • c. the father is natural, the mother is not the natural mother

  • d. blood type in ABO-system is A

  • e. blood type in ABO-system is B

  • f. blood type in ABO-system is AB

  • g. child is Rh-

  • h. child is Rh+

Explanation

Question 32 of 127

1

Analyze ABO system of a couple: a woman (blood type A) has a
father whose blood type is O, and is married to a man whose blood type is B (his mother type is O). What is their child probability of blood type A:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. 0 %

  • b. 25 %

  • c. 50 %

  • d. 75 %

Explanation

Question 33 of 127

1

Which of following statements about Vasopressin are right?

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. increases salt and water reabsorption in distal tubule

  • b. increases water reabsorption by insertion of protein of AQP2 in distal part of nephron

  • c. synthesized in posterior pituitary gland

  • d. produces vasoconstriction. Action is mediated receptors coupled with phospholipase C (PLC)

Explanation

Question 34 of 127

1

Growth hormone (GH)

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Acts through receptor related to Janus kinase

  • b. Is a water soluble amine hormone

  • c. Is intensively liberated during NREM sleep

  • d. Elevates plasma level of glucose (+ FFA)

  • e. liberated from posterior pituitary gland

Explanation

Question 35 of 127

1

Oxytocin

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. produces contraction of myoepithelial cells of the female breast

  • b. increase secretion of prolactin (gonadotropins + thyrotropin)

  • c. it’s secretion is elevated by progesterone

  • d. is produces in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

  • e. decreases contraction in vas deferens in males

Explanation

Question 36 of 127

1

inotropic receptor producing IPSP

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. muscarinic receptor

  • b. glycine receptor

  • c. nicotine receptor

  • d. GABAa receptor

  • e. Receptor with tyrosine kinase activity

Explanation

Question 37 of 127

1

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Is approximately 20% of total body

  • b. is approximately 20% of body mass

  • c. its volume can be tested by intravenous infusion of insulin

  • d. its main cation is MG2+

Explanation

Question 38 of 127

1

Find features that characterize Ryanodine Receptors

Select one or more of the following:

  • A. They are Ca2+ channels in T-tubules

  • B. They are Ca2+ channels present in Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

  • C. They are Ca2+ pumps

  • D. They are gated by Ca2+

  • E. They are gated by IP3

Explanation

Question 39 of 127

1

Which of these sentences regarding Extra-cellular Fluid is true?

Select one or more of the following:

  • A. Main cation is Na+

  • B. Main cation is K+

  • C. Stands for 1/3 of the TBW

  • D. Stands for ~20% of Total Body Water

Explanation

Question 40 of 127

1

ECF is made up of which fluid compartments?

Select one or more of the following:

  • Blood plasma

  • Interstitial fluid

  • Intercellular fluid

  • Transitional fluid

Explanation

Question 41 of 127

1

Fast EPSP is due to

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. N-cholinergic receptor

  • b. M-cholinergic receptor

  • c. GnRH ls ESPS

  • d. D2-receptor is IPSP

Explanation

Question 42 of 127

1

TBW

Select one or more of the following:

  • decreases with age

  • increases with age

  • most in men

  • TBW is 45/65 % of the body mass

Explanation

Question 43 of 127

1

GABA is

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Voltage gated Cl- channel

  • b. Cl- channel, gated with GABA

  • c. Activation leads to IPSP

Explanation

Question 44 of 127

1

R- receptor (ryanodine receptor?)

Select one or more of the following:

  • Metabotropic receptor

  • Gated by Ca2+

  • Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

Explanation

Question 45 of 127

1

Receptors with tyrosine kinase

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Muscarinic

  • b. EPO

  • c. insulin

  • d. growth hormone

Explanation

Question 46 of 127

1

Ionotropic receptors – which receptors belongs to this group?

Select one or more of the following:

  • • Nicotinic – Na+ (EC) (binds acetylcholine)

  • • GABAa – Cl- (EC)

  • • glycine – Cl- (EC)

  • • IP3 - Ca2+ (IC)

  • • Ryanodine - Ca2+ (IC)

  • • Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels- ligand cGMP, cAMP, cGTP (Na+, K+)- (IC)

  • • Intracellular ATP receptors - K+ (IC)

Explanation

Question 47 of 127

1

Which of the following statements concerning ionotropic receptors are true?

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. They are membrane receptors that open after binding their agonist ligand

  • b. examples are: nicotinic receptor and IP3 receptor

  • c. examples are muscarinic receptor + insulin receptor

  • d. they are located in cellular nucleus

Explanation

Question 48 of 127

1

Which of the following statements are related to nicotinic receptors?

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Activation of nicotinic receptor produces IPSP of postsynaptic neuron

  • b. activation of nicotinic receptor produces EPSP of presynaptic knob

  • c. it is chemically gated sodium channel (Na)

  • d. nicotinic receptors activated by GABA

  • e. Acetylcholine is a natural gated ligand for the nicotinic receptor

Explanation

Question 49 of 127

1

Which of the following statements concerning intracellular fluid are true?

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. ICF is approximately 20% of Body mass

  • b. ICF is app. 2/3 of the TBW in healthy, non obese humans.

  • c. its main anion is bicarbonate HCO3

  • d. its main kation is K+

  • e. volume of ICF can be tested by intravenous infusion of insulin

Explanation

Question 50 of 127

1

Identify basic principles concerning counting of leukocytes:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. hypertonic solution used for counting of leukocytes dilutes blood

  • b. counting of leukocytes requires previous hemolysis of erythrocytes

  • d. fluid usually used for assessment of WBC shrinks erythrocytes

  • e. fluid usually used for assessment of WBC stains organelles of leukocytes

Explanation

Question 51 of 127

1

In AB0 system:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Agglutinins are present in plasma of adults

  • b. Agglutinins are inherited proteins located on membranes of erythrocytes

  • c. Agglutinogens are present in plasma of neonates (newborns)

  • d. Antigens of the AB0 are found in various tissues

Explanation

Question 52 of 127

1

Hemolysis of normal erys occurs:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. in effect of action of strong inorganic acids in organic solvents

  • b. in temperature higher than 60 °C

  • c. in 5% solution of Glucose -

  • d. in distilled water

  • e. in 0,6 saline

Explanation

Question 53 of 127

1

Choose the correct statements concerning B-lymphocytes:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. these cells play role in cellular immunity

  • b. they mediate humoral immunity

  • c. they develop entirely in bone marrow

  • d. in effect of antigenic stimulation they form plasma cells which secrete immunoglobulins

Explanation

Question 54 of 127

1

Choose correct sequence of the following processes involved in inflammatory response:
(ANSWER IN EXPLANATION)

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. chemotaxis

  • b. rolling

  • c. diapedesis

  • d. adhesion

Explanation

Question 55 of 127

1

Match properly in pairs:
(answer in explanation)

Select one or more of the following:

  • Isovolemia

  • Isohydria

  • Isotonia

Explanation

Question 56 of 127

1

Which of following statements concerning simple diffusion via cellular membrane are true?

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. it depends on the ability of the molecule to dissolve in lipids

  • b. it depends on the chemical gradient

  • c. its rate of diffusion is directly proportional to surface area and inversely proportional to molecular size and thickness of membrane

  • d. requires special carrier proteins

Explanation

Question 57 of 127

1

Thrombin dependant (hydrolyzed by thrombin) coagulation factors are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Factor 2 (Prothrombin)

  • b. Fibrinogen

  • c. Factors 4,5,8,13

  • d. Factor 8 (fibrin stabilizing factor)

  • e. high molecular weight kininogen (HmWK)

Explanation

Question 58 of 127

1

Identify right statements concerning Prothrombin time – in vitro laboratory time of coagulation:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. is prolonged in treatment with antivitamin K (and diseases of liver)

  • b. depends on processes of intrinsic pathway of coagulation

  • c. depends on processes of extrinsic pathway

  • d. depends on platelets count (number of platelets)

  • e. depends on state of vascular endothelium

Explanation

Question 59 of 127

1

Affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen increases in case of:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. decreasing PO2 in plasma (hypoxia)

  • b. decreasing PH in Plasma (acidosis)

  • c. decreasing PCO2 in plasma

  • d. decrease in temperature

  • e. increasing PH in plasma (alkalosis)

Explanation

Question 60 of 127

1

Which of the following statements are true in case of Erythropoietin (EPO)?

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. a glycoprotein which controls production of erythrocytes

  • b. it is made mostly in liver

  • c. hypoxia is the main stimulus for EPO release

  • d. Adenosine antagonist stimulates secretion of EPO

Explanation

Question 61 of 127

1

Identify right statements concerning receptors for hormones:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Angiotensin AT1 – receptor is coupled with phospholipase C

  • b. Receptors coupled with Gs protein activate phosphodiesterase (PDE)

  • c. Epinephrine produces its intracellular effect decreasing of adenylyl cyclase

  • d. receptors for thyroid hormones are placed in plasma membrane

  • e. receptors for sex hormones possess DNA binding domains, there are transcription factors

Explanation

Question 62 of 127

1

Ionotropic receptor producing IPSP is:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Muscarinic receptor

  • b. Glycine receptor

  • c. Nicotinic receptor -

  • d. GABA-A receptor

  • e. Receptor with tyrosine kinase activity

Explanation

Question 63 of 127

1

Growth hormone (GH)

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. acts through receptor related to Janus kinase

  • b. Is a water soluble amine hormone

  • c. is intensively liberated during NREM sleep

  • d. Elevates plasma level of glucose

  • e. is liberated from posterior pituitary gland

Explanation

Question 64 of 127

1

Oxytocin

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. produces contractions of myoepithelial cells of female breast

  • b. increases secretion of prolactin

  • c. secretion is elevated by the progesterone

  • d. Is produced in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

  • e. Decreases contraction in vas deferens in males

Explanation

Question 65 of 127

1

Functions of ionized calcium in organism are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. It maintains proper functioning of neurons and myocytes

  • b. It maintains proper functioning of membranes (trans-membrane transport)

  • c. It is factor II of coagulation, supporting proper coagulation process

  • d. It binds hemoglobin, reducing hemoglobin affinity to oxygen

Explanation

Question 66 of 127

1

Choose the correct statement concerning chemotaxis:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. movement/passage of blood cells, especially leukocytes, via intact capillary wall into interstitial space inflamed area

  • b. it is the movement of neutrophils and macrophages toward the source of some particular chemical substance.

  • c. It is a process which Is performed down concentration gradient of a chemotactic substance

  • d. It may be caused by the bacterial and viral toxins, degenerative products of the inflamed tissues and lymphokines.

Explanation

Question 67 of 127

1

Oxytocin:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. produces contractions of myoepithelial cells of the female breast

  • b. is produced in the medulla oblongata

  • c. is liberated in effect of stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the uterine cervix

  • d. Produces relaxation of smooth muscle cells of most of vessels

Explanation

Question 68 of 127

1

Which of the following are NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Vasopressin, Calcitonin

  • b. GH, TSH

  • c. TRH,PIH parathyroid hormone

  • d. Prolactin, gonadotropins

Explanation

Question 69 of 127

1

In neuromuscular junction you can find:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. N-Cholinergic receptor

  • b. Acetylcholine receptor

  • c. B-Adrenergic receptor

  • d. Folds of cardiac membrane

Explanation

Question 70 of 127

1

Factors that stimulate growth hormone (GH, somatotropin) release are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. GnRH liberated from hypothalamus

  • b. Hyperglycemia

  • c. Decreased concentration of free fatty acids and glucose in plasma

  • d. Physical exercise

Explanation

Question 71 of 127

1

The following actions produces by vitamin D3

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Stimulated synthesis of calcitonin in intestine -

  • b. increases number and activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

  • c. ---ocytes, it up-regulates activity of cytosolic enzymes of and increases concentration of calcium binding…rising absorption of calcium ion from the lumen of intestine

  • d. Increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate in kidney

Explanation

Question 72 of 127

1

Find right sentences concerning erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR):

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. It is proportionate to plasma concentration of globulins

  • b. It should not exceed 15 mm/h in healthy adults. It is much higher in infectious diseases and cancer

  • c. It is a ratio of volume of all erythrocytes to the volume of whole blood

  • d. It decreases after heavy meals and physical exercise

Explanation

Question 73 of 127

1

Find proper sentences concerning transportation of CO2 in blood:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Only 5-7% of CO2 is transported in dissolved form in blood

  • b. More than 70% of CO2 is converted in bicarbonate in plasma of blood

  • c. Bicarbonate is formed from carbonic acid. Reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase of erythrocytes

  • d. Part of CO2 is reversibly bound to hemoglobin, forming carboxy- and methemoglobin

  • e. Carbaminohemoglobin is an example of reduced hemoglobin of red-brown colour

Explanation

Question 74 of 127

1

Low level of PCV may result from:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Hemorrhage

  • b. Anemia

  • c. Dehydration

  • d. Repetitive exercise

Explanation

Question 75 of 127

1

Identify statements characteristic for “0” typed individuals in AB0 system:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. They have gene/genes coding for the sequence amino acids of fucosyltransferase

  • b. They have no antigens on membranes of erythrocytes

  • c. Both anti-A and anti-B immunoglobulins are synthesized after exposition to those antigens

  • d. Both anti-A and anti-B hemagglutinins are present in their plasma since their birth

Explanation

Question 76 of 127

1

Identify right statements concerning the clotting time:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. It is prolonged in people treated with heparin (afibrinogenemia, factors 2,5,9,10,11,12)

  • b. It depends in the number of platelets

  • c. It tests processes of intrinsic pathway of coagulation

  • d. It depends on the state of the vascular wall

Explanation

Question 77 of 127

1

Primary Hemostasis:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Depend on the equilibrium between plasma coagulation proteins and blood vessel

  • b. It tested by clotting time and APTT

  • c. Is tested by bleeding time

  • d. Is prolonged in individuals treated with inhibitors of cyclooxygenases (aspirin)

Explanation

Question 78 of 127

1

Identify factors dealing with Vasopressin release:

Select one or more of the following:

  • A. Increased Osmotic Pressure, Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid

  • B. Increased Blood Volume

  • C. Decreased Osmotic Pressure, Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid

  • D. Decreased Blood Volume

  • E. Increased Blood Pressure

Explanation

Question 79 of 127

1

Phenomenon of increased liberation of renin

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. increased arterial pressure

  • b. hypoperfusion of kidney

  • c. decreased Nacl in the area of the macula densa

  • d. Activation of sympathetic system

Explanation

Question 80 of 127

1

Identify statements related to Türk ́s solution used in hemocytometer (counting of blood cells):

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. It produces hemolysis of erythrocytes.

  • b. It shrinks erythrocytes

  • c. It stains organelles of leukocytes.

  • d. It stains erythrocytes.

  • e. It dilutes blood.

Explanation

Question 81 of 127

1

Tetany can be observed in:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Low plasma level of magnesium.

  • b. High plasma level of calcium

  • c. High plasma level of calcium. And H^+

  • d. Acidosis (low pH)

  • e. Alkalosis (high pH)

Explanation

Question 82 of 127

1

Hypercalcemic hormones (elevating calcium level in plasma) are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. PTH.

  • b. Calcitonin.

  • c. Glucocorticoids

  • d. Vitamin 1,25 (OH)2 D3 + thyroid hormones, GH

Explanation

Question 83 of 127

1

Identify forms of CO2 transported in blood

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Carbaminians and carbaminohemoglobin.

  • b. Dissolved state.

  • c. Bicarbonate.

  • d. Carboxyhemoglobin

Explanation

Question 84 of 127

1

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR):

Select one or more of the following:

  • a) Is a part of the blood volume that is occupied by erythrocytes

  • b) Increases with increasing concentration of plasma globulins. (ratio of albumin/globulin)

  • c) Is proportionate to RBC (number of erythrocytes in blood)

  • d) Increases with decreasing volume of erythrocytes (MCV).

Explanation

Question 85 of 127

1

In ABO system

Select one or more of the following:

  • a) Agglutinin are inherited proteins located on membranes of erythrocytes.

  • b) Agglutinins are present in plasma of neonates (newborn)

  • c) Antigens are found in various tissues in addition to blood.

  • d) Agglutinins are present in plasma of adults.

Explanation

Question 86 of 127

1

Identify statements characteristic for 0 type individuals:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Antigens H are present on erythrocytes.

  • b. Antigens A are present on erythrocytes.

  • c). Antigens B are present on erythrocytes.

  • d) Both anti-A and anti-B hemagglutinines are present in plasma.

Explanation

Question 87 of 127

1

In Rh system of blood:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a) D antigen is the most antigenic (strongest) component of the system.

  • b) D antigen is the only antigen of the system

  • c) Antigens are proteins located only on membranes of erythrocytes.

  • d) Agglutinogens are synthesized in Rh-positive individuals after exposure to Rh-negative blood.

Explanation

Question 88 of 127

1

Which statements characterize MHC-II proteins?

Select one or more of the following:

  • They are found on all nucleated cells, dendritic, macrophages, b-lymphocytes

  • b) They are found on antigen presenting cells

  • c) They are bound by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

  • d) They are bound by helper T-lymphocytes

Explanation

Question 89 of 127

1

Main action of complement components are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a) Damage of the cellular membrane followed by cellular lysis.

  • b) Increase of the vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction

  • c) Chemotaxis and chemokinesis of the macrophages and neutrophils.

  • d) Phagocytosis performed by NK-cells

  • e) Degranulation of mast cells and basophils

  • f) Opsonization (facilitate phagocytosis)

Explanation

Question 90 of 127

1

Cells of the peripheral blood able to perform phagocytosis are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a) Lymphocytes

  • b) Neutrophils

  • c) Basophils

  • d) Eosinophils

  • e) Megakarocytes

Explanation

Question 91 of 127

1

So called passive immunity develops after:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a) Invasion of a pathogen and development of the disease

  • b) Vaccination with separated antigens of microbes

  • c) Passage of maternal immunoglobulins through placenta, with milk or colostrum

  • d) Parenteral administration of the ready-made immunoglobulins

Explanation

Question 92 of 127

1

So called contact factors of coagulation are

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Plasma coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X, C-protein, S protein

  • b. Plasma coagulation factors I, V, VIII, XIII

  • c. HMWK, prekallikrein

  • d. Plasma coagulation factors XI, XII

Explanation

Question 93 of 127

1

Primary hemostasis is composed of

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Activation of plasma coagulation factors X, II and I

  • b. Agglutination and coagulation of platelets

  • c. Contraction of the damaged vessel

  • d. Adhesion, activation, aggregation and granulation of platelets

Explanation

Question 94 of 127

1

Extrinsic pathway of coagulation

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Begins with exposure of collagen + activation of factor XII of coagulation

  • b. Begins with liberation of tissue thromboplastin (tissue factor)

  • c. Runs faster than intrinsic pathway

  • d. Requires calcium ions

Explanation

Question 95 of 127

1

Anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids are

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. They inhibit penetration of plasma proteins and inflammatory mediators through the vessel wall

  • b. They decrease the number of basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes

  • c. They decrease the number of neutrophils

  • d. All answers are wrong.

Explanation

Question 96 of 127

1

What are the main functions of SDF-1 in human hematopoiesis?

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. It is a stem cell homing factors involved in the movement of hematopoietic cells from........... hematopoiesis) -

  • b. It is a hematopoietic factor that acts at different stages of stem cell differentiation

  • c. This protein mostly regulates proliferation of stem and progenitor cells during.....??!

  • d. This factor enables the homing of transfused stem cells in the bone marrow..

  • e. Specifically interacts with superficial stem cell receptor – CXCRA

Explanation

Question 97 of 127

1

Hypocalcemic hormones (decreasing calcium level in plasma) are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. PTH

  • b. Calcitonin

  • c. Glucocorticoid Steroids

  • c. Glucocorticoid Steroids.

  • d. Vitamin 1,25 (OH)2 D3 + thyroid hormones, GH

Explanation

Question 98 of 127

1

Tetany can be observed in:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Low plasma level of potassium

  • b. High plasma level of potassium.

  • c. High plasma level of HCO3^-

  • d. Acidosis

  • e) High plasma level of HPO4^-.

Explanation

Question 99 of 127

1

So called active immunity develops after

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. After natural invasion of a pathogen and development of the response

  • b. Vaccination with separated antigens of microbes

  • c. Parenteral administration of ready-made immunoglobulins

  • d. Passage of maternal immunoglobulins via placenta, with milk or colostrum

Explanation

Question 100 of 127

1

Identify statements related to Hayem’s solution used in hemocytometer (counting of blood cells):

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. It produces hemolysis of erythrocytes.

  • b. It shrinks erythrocytes.

  • c. It stains organelles of leukocytes

  • d. It stains erythrocytes.

  • e. It dilutes blood.

Explanation

Question 101 of 127

1

Which of the following statements concerning water in human organism are true:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Water characterises with extremely high specific heat

  • b. It is a natural solvent and environment for all physiological and chemical processes occurring in human organism

  • c. Aldosterone directly increases water reabsorption in collecting duct

  • d. Main cation of intracellular water compartment is magnesium, main anion dicarbonate

Explanation

Question 102 of 127

1

Identify right statements concerning Total Body Water (TBW)

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Its volume can’t be assessed by intravenous injection of inulin or other colloid molecule -

  • b. Majority of water of TBW fills extracellular compartment of organism

  • c. It is usually 60% of the body weight of the young adult human and it tends to decrease with age

  • d. Water can easily pass through cellular membrane via common to all cells water channel – aquaporin AQP1

Explanation

Question 103 of 127

1

Factors that stimulate growth hormone (GH, somatotropin) release are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. GnRH liberated from hypothalamus

  • b. Hyperglycemia

  • c. Decreased concentration of free fatty acids and glucose in plasma (Hypoglycemia)

  • d. Physical exercise - sleep, Dopamines

Explanation

Question 104 of 127

1

Which of the following statement concerning oxytocin are true:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Peptide hormone synthesized in anterior pituitary gland

  • b. Its liberation is inhibited by stimulation of mechanoreceptors located in cervix of the uterus

  • c. Responsible for milk ejection in effect of contraction of myoepithelial cells

  • d. Produces contraction of smooth muscle cells of the pregnant and non-pregnant uterus

Explanation

Question 105 of 127

1

Which of the following statements concerning affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen are true:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Affinity is inversely proportional to pH

  • b. Affinity is proportionate to the body temperature

  • c. Product of glycolysis in erythrocytes – 2,3 BPG decreases affinity of hemoglobulin for oxygen

  • d. High partial pressure of carbon dioxide – pCO2in plasma decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

Explanation

Question 106 of 127

1

Find right sentences concerning erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR):

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. It is proportionate to plasma concentration of globulins

  • b. It should not exceed 15 mm/h in healthy adults. It is much higher in infectious diseases and cancer

  • c. It is a ratio of volume of all erythrocytes to the volume of the whole blood

  • d. It decreases after heavy meals and physical exercise

Explanation

Question 107 of 127

1

Find proper sentences concerning transportation of CO2 in blood:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Only 5-7% of CO2 is transported in dissolved from in blood

  • b. More than 70% of CO2 is converted in bicarbonate in plasma of blood

  • c. Bicarbonate is formed from carbonic acid. Reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase of erythrocytes

  • d. Part of CO2 is reversibly bound to hemoglobin, forming carboxy- and methemoglobin

  • e. Carbaminohemoglobin is an example of reduced hemoglobin of red-brown colour

Explanation

Question 108 of 127

1

Low level of PCV may result from:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Hemorrhage (rapid loss of blood cells)

  • b. Anemia (loss of RBC)

  • c. Dehydration

  • d. Repetitive exercise

Explanation

Question 109 of 127

1

Identify statements characteristic for “0” typed individuals in AB0 system:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. They have gene/genes coding for the sequence amino acids of fucosyl-transferase

  • b. They have no antigens on membranes of erythrocytes -

  • c. Both anti-A and anti-B immunoglobulins are synthesized after exposition to those antigens

  • d. Both anti-A and anti-B hemagglutinins are present in their plasma since their birth

Explanation

Question 110 of 127

1

Find solutions able to produce hemolysis to normal erythrocytes:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Hypertonic solution of glucose

  • b. Organic solvents (soap, detergents, etc)

  • c. Distilled water

  • d. Hypertonic solution of sodium chloride

Explanation

Question 111 of 127

1

Haemolytic Newborn disease can cause:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Anemia

  • b. Hypobilirubinemia

  • c. Decreased production of EPO

  • d. Death

  • e. Edema

Explanation

Question 112 of 127

1

Choose the correct statement concerning B-lymphocytes

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. They are mediators of humoral immunity

  • b. They are formed mainly in thymus

  • c. In effect of antigenic stimulation they form plasma cells which secrete immunoglobulins

  • d. They mediate cellular immunity

Explanation

Question 113 of 127

1

Functions of ionized calcium in organism are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a) It maintains proper functioning of neurons and myocytes.

  • b) It maintains proper functioning of the cellular membranes (trans-membrane transport)

  • c) It is factor IV of coagulation supporting proper coagulation process.

  • d) It binds hemoglobin reducing hemoglobin affinity to oxygen.

Explanation

Question 114 of 127

1

Packed cell volume or hematocrit (PCV or Hct):

Select one or more of the following:

  • a) Is a part of blood volume that is occupied by erythrocytes

  • b) Is significantly lower in individuals treated with aspirin

  • c) Is inversely proportional to RBC (number of erythrocytes in blood).

  • d) Is proportionate to the volume of erythrocytes (MCV).

Explanation

Question 115 of 127

1

Biological effects of calcitonin are:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a) Low plasma calcium level

  • b) High plasma calcium level

  • c) Low plasma phosphate level

  • d) High plasma phosphate level

  • e) Increased excretion of calcium and phosphate through kidneys

  • f) Decreased excretion of calcium and phosphate through kidneys

Explanation

Question 116 of 127

1

Actions of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) are

Select one or more of the following:

  • a) It increases reabsorption of Ca 2, from intestines

  • b) It decreases reabsorption of Ca 2, from intestines

  • c) It increases reabsorption of Ca 2, from the nephron tubule

  • d) It decreases reabsorption of Ca 2, from the nephron tubule

Explanation

Question 117 of 127

1

Agglutinins

Select one or more of the following:

  • a) Against antigens of Rh system develop in childhood

  • b) In ABO system are mainly of IgM class.

  • c) In ABO system are inborn

  • d) In ABO system are synthesized after immunization with antigens A and B commonly present in environment.

Explanation

Question 118 of 127

1

Find agents able to produce hemolysis to normal erythrocytes

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. 0,5% NaCl

  • a. 0,9% NaCl

  • c. Hypertonic (hyperosmotic) solution

  • d. distilled water

  • e. soaps and detergents

Explanation

Question 119 of 127

1

Find the most specific features of the ECF:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Concentration of the Na = ion range 135-145 mEq/L

  • b. Concentration of the Cl- range 3,5-5 mEq/ L

  • c. Most of water of ECF is located in plasma of blood. Volume of ECF is approximately 5,0

  • d. Concentration of proteins in interstitial fluid is lower than plasma of blood

Explanation

Question 120 of 127

1

Identify correct statements concerning human blood types:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. 35% of caucasians and most africans are Rh negative

  • b. The indirect antiglobulin test is used to detect immunoglobulins coating / binding erythrocytes

  • c. Blood type B has gene coding for the sequence of amino acid of the B- antigen of their erythrocytes

  • d. humans with type 0 in ABO system possess antigen H located in membranes of their erythrocytes

  • e. the maximum concentration of immunoglobulins in ABO system is observed at birth -

Explanation

Question 121 of 127

1

Identify right statements related to vitamin D3 :

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. it stimulates synthesis of calcium binding protein (CBP) in intestines

  • b. its final active form is produced by the enzymatic process of 25- hydroxylation in liver

  • c. its final active form is produced by the enzymatic process of 1 alpha- hydroxylation in kidneys

  • d. it originates from 7- dehydroaldosterone treated with ultraviolet rays in skin

Explanation

Question 122 of 127

1

. Which statements characterize IgM immunoglobulin?

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. it can easily produce aggregation of erythrocytes in environment of own plasma

  • b. it has two antigen- binding sites

  • c. it is a memory immunoglobulin

  • d. it is not able to cross blood - placenta barrier

  • e. it can bind complement

  • f. it is commonly found in fetal blood: it is called natural or inborn immunoglobulin

Explanation

Question 123 of 127

1

Factors that produce hemolysis

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. 0,6% saline

  • b. detergents

  • c. hypertonic glucose solution

  • d. hypertonic sodium solution

Explanation

Question 124 of 127

1

Intracellular receptors are

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. IP3

  • b. GABA

  • c. ryanodine

  • d. dhp

  • e. m3

Explanation

Question 125 of 127

1

. Complement system

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Induces cell membrane Lysis via membrane Attack complex (MAC)

  • b. Induced by IgG

  • c. Leads to faster phagocytosis by macrophages

  • d. Increase vascular permeability

  • e. C5a leads to increased Chemotaxis

Explanation

Question 126 of 127

1

Hemolysis of normal erythrocytes occurs:

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. In high pH (alkalosis)

  • b. In temperature higher than 60°C.

  • c. In 5.0% solution of glucose

  • d. In distilled water.

  • e. In 0.2% saline

Explanation

Question 127 of 127

1

In B- typed individual, antigen B is generated from H antigen due to activity of

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. N-acetylogalatktoaminyl transferase catalyzing attachment of N-acetylogalactotiamine to H antigen

  • b. D-galactosyl transferase catalyzing attachment of isomaltose to H antigen

  • c. Fucose transferase catalyzing attachment of fucose to H antigen

  • d. D-galactose transferase catalyzes attachment of D galactose to D antigen

  • e. all ansers are incorrect

Explanation

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