Esmeralda Espitia
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patho 1 Quiz on Chapter 2 alt cellular & tissue, created by Esmeralda Espitia on 31/01/2022.

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Chapter 2 alt cellular & tissue

Question 1 of 39

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1. Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Hyperplasia

  • b. Metaplasia

  • c. Dysplasia

  • d. Anaplasia

Explanation

Question 2 of 39

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2. What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca)

  • b. Shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl)

  • c. Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl)

  • d. Swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO)

Explanation

Question 3 of 39

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3. The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of what hormonal process?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Atrophy

  • b. Hyperplasia

  • c. Anaplasia

  • d. Dysplasia

Explanation

Question 4 of 39

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4. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease

  • b. Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis

  • c. Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease

  • d. Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia

Explanation

Question 5 of 39

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5. How do free radicals cause cell damage?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Stealing the cell’s oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing hypoxia

  • b. Stimulating the release of lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell membranes

  • c. Transferring one of its charged, stabilized atoms to the cell membrane, which
    causes lysis

  • d. Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell
    membrane

Explanation

Question 6 of 39

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6. What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Enzymatic digestion halts DNA synthesis.

  • b. Influx of calcium ions halts ATP production.

  • c. Edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP production.

  • d. Potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the infrastructure.

Explanation

Question 7 of 39

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7. What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis.

  • b. Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the ATP production.

  • c. Edema of the Golgi body prevents the transport of proteins out of the cell.

  • d. Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton.

Explanation

Question 8 of 39

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8. Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of what?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Sodium and chloride

  • b. Potassium

  • c. Calcium

  • d. ATP

Explanation

Question 9 of 39

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9. A health professions student asks the professor to explain apoptosis. What response is most accurate?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Programmed cell death

  • b. Due to chemical injury

  • c. Unpredictable patterns of cell death

  • d. Results in benign malignancies

Explanation

Question 10 of 39

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10. A healthcare professional is assessing a child whose parents report poor grades in school, trouble paying attention, and “naughty” behaviors that have become so frequent the child is always in trouble. For which health condition should the professional facilitate testing?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Hypoxic injury

  • b. Lead poisoning

  • c. Mercury exposure

  • d. Cadmium injection

Explanation

Question 11 of 39

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11. A student asks why carbon monoxide causes tissue damage. What response by the professor is best?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Competes with carbon dioxide so that it cannot be excreted

  • b. Binds to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen

  • c. Destroys the chemical bonds of hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen

  • d. Removes iron from hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen

Explanation

Question 12 of 39

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12. A healthcare professional is working with a person who drinks several 6-packs of beer a week. What testing does the professional encourage the person to get?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Hepatic function

  • b. Gastrointestinal function

  • c. Renal function

  • d. Central nervous system function

Explanation

Question 13 of 39

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13. During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why does an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell occur?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Plasma proteins enter the cell.

  • b. The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)-driven pump is stronger during hypoxia.

  • c. Sodium chloride enters the cell.

  • d. An influx of glucose occurs through the injured cell membranes.

Explanation

Question 14 of 39

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14. Which statement is true regarding the difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma?

Select one of the following:

  • a. No difference exists, and these terms may be correctly used interchangeably.

  • b. A subdural hematoma occurs above the dura, an epidural hematoma occurs under
    the dura.

  • c. A subdural hematoma is often the result of shaken baby syndrome, whereas an
    epidural hematoma rapidly forms as a result of a skull fracture

  • d. A subdural hematoma usually forms from bleeding within the skull, an epidural
    hematoma occurs from trauma outside the skull.

Explanation

Question 15 of 39

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15. A healthcare professional is working at the health tent during a marathon. A runner is brought to the tent complaining of nausea and weakness. What is the first thing the professional should do?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Call 911.

  • b. Have the person lie down.

  • c. Give the person salt tablets.

  • d. Ask about street drug use.

Explanation

Question 16 of 39

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16. In hypoxic injury, why does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling?

Select one of the following:

  • a. The cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia.

  • b. ATP is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell.

  • c. The lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium in the cell.

  • d. Sodium cannot be transported to the cell membrane during hypoxia.

Explanation

Question 17 of 39

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17. What is the most common site of lipid accumulation?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Coronary arteries

  • b. Kidneys

  • c. Liver

  • d. Subcutaneous tissue

Explanation

Question 18 of 39

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18. What mechanisms occur in the liver cells as a result of lipid accumulation?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Accumulation of lipids that obstruct the common bile duct, preventing flow of bile
    from the liver to the gallbladder

  • b. increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins

  • c. Increased binding of lipids with apoproteins to form lipoproteins

  • d. Increased conversion of fatty acids to phospholipids

Explanation

Question 19 of 39

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19. Hemoprotein accumulations are a result of the excessive storage of what?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Iron, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream

  • b. Hemoglobin, which is transferred from the bloodstream to the cells

  • c. Albumin, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream

  • d. Amino acids, which are transferred from the cells to the bloodstream

Explanation

Question 20 of 39

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20. A patient suffered multiple traumatic injuries and received many blood transfusions within a few days of the injuries. For which medical condition should the healthcare professional monitor the patient for?

Select one of the following:

  • a. High blood pressure

  • b. HIV infection

  • c. Hemosiderosis

  • d. Kidney damage

Explanation

Question 21 of 39

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21. What is the cause of free calcium in the cytosol that damages cell membranes by uncontrolled enzyme activation?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Activation of endonuclease interferes with the binding of calcium to protein.

  • b. Activation of phospholipases, to which calcium normally binds, degrades the
    proteins.

  • c. An influx of phosphate ions competes with calcium for binding to proteins.

  • d. Depletion of ATP normally pumps calcium from the cell.

Explanation

Question 22 of 39

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22. What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Acoustic trauma and noise-induced

  • b. High frequency and low frequency

  • c. High frequency and acoustic trauma

  • d. Noise-induced and low frequency

Explanation

Question 23 of 39

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23. What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial cells?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Coagulative

  • b. Liquefactive

  • c. Caseous

  • d. Gangrene

Explanation

Question 24 of 39

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24. What type of necrosis is often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Bacteriologic

  • b. Caseous

  • c. Liquefactive

  • d. Gangrenous

Explanation

Question 25 of 39

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25. What type of necrosis is associated with wet gangrene?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Coagulative

  • b. Liquefactive

  • c. Caseous

  • d. Gangrene

Explanation

Question 26 of 39

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26. After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen. This process is an example of what hormonal process?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Hyperplasia

  • b. Dysplasia

  • c. Hypertrophy

  • d. Anaplasia

Explanation

Question 27 of 39

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27. What is the abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Dysplasia

  • b. Pathologic dysplasia

  • c. Hyperplasia

  • d. Pathologic hyperplasia

Explanation

Question 28 of 39

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28. Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells undergoing which compensatory process?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Atrophy

  • b. Metaplasia

  • c. Hyperplasia

  • d. Dysplasia

Explanation

Question 29 of 39

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29. What is the single most common cause of cellular injury?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Hypoxic injury

  • b. Chemical injury

  • c. Infectious injury

  • d. Genetic injury

Explanation

Question 30 of 39

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30. In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of what?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Oxygen

  • b. Nitrogen

  • c. Carbon monoxide

  • d. Hydrogen

Explanation

Question 31 of 39

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31. Which is an effect of ionizing radiation exposure?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Respiratory distress

  • b. Sun intolerance

  • c. DNA aberrations

  • d. Death

Explanation

Question 32 of 39

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32. What is dysplasia?

Select one of the following:

  • a. Abnormal increase in the number of a specific cell type

  • b. True adaptive process at the cellular level

  • c. Modification in the shape of a specific cell type

  • d. Lack of oxygen at the cellular level

Explanation

Question 33 of 39

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1. Which organs are affected by lead consumption? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Bones

  • b. Muscles

  • c. Pancreas

  • d. Nerves

  • e. Eyes

Explanation

Question 34 of 39

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2. A healthcare professional is screening children for fetal alcohol syndrome. Which children would the professional assess as possibly suffering from this disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Frequent asthma attacks

  • b. Cognitive impairment

  • c. Short stature for age

  • d. Esophageal stricture

  • e. Facial anomalies

Explanation

Question 35 of 39

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4. Which statements are true about melanin? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Rarely found in epithelial cells

  • b. Found in cells called keratinocytes, which are present in the retina

  • c. A factor in the prevention of certain types of cancer

  • d. Most influential in managing the effects of short-term sunlight exposure

  • e. Accumulates in specific cells found in the skin

Explanation

Question 36 of 39

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5. What are examples of adaptive cellular responses? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Atrophy

  • b. Dysplasia

  • c. Hypertrophy

  • d. Hyperplasia

  • e. Metaplasia

Explanation

Question 37 of 39

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6. What are examples of blunt force injuries? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Bruise to the upper arm, resulting from a fall

  • b. Simple tibia fracture sustained in a skiing accident

  • c. Cut on the finger while slicing vegetables for a salad

  • d. Spleen laceration caused by a punch during a physical fight

  • e. Small caliber gunshot wound to the foot while target shooting

Explanation

Question 38 of 39

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7. Which statements are true regarding the effects of marijuana use? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

  • a. Beneficial effects include decreases in nausea and pain.

  • b. Heavy use can result in psychomotor impairments.

  • c. Possibly causes reproductive changes

  • d. Research does not support marijuana use as a factor in developing lung cancer.

  • e. Fetal development appears to be unharmed by marijuana use.

Explanation

Question 39 of 39

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3. What organs are affected by the type of necrosis that results from either severe ischemia or chemical injury? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

  • lungs

  • heart

  • brain

  • muscles

  • kidneys

Explanation

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