Ch. 3 electrolytes

Question 1 of 41

1

1. Why are infants most susceptible to significant losses in total body water?

Select one of the following:

a. High body surface-to-body size ratio
b. Slow metabolic rate
c. Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses
d. Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty

Explanation

Question 2 of 41

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2. Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration in people?

Select one of the following:

a. Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
b. The metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults.
c. The rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than in lean adults.
d. The thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively.

Explanation

Question 3 of 41

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3. A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?

Select one of the following:

a. Respiratory alkalosis
b. Metabolic acidosis
c. Respiratory acidosis
d. Metabolic alkalosis

Explanation

Question 4 of 41

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4. Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of what?

Select one of the following:

a. Osmotic forces
b. Plasma oncotic pressure
c. Antidiuretic hormone
d. Hydrostatic forces

Explanation

Question 5 of 41

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5. In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?

Select one of the following:

a. Oncotic pressure
b. Buffering
c. Net filtration
d. Hydrostatic pressure

Explanation

Question 6 of 41

1

6. Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?

Select one of the following:

a. Capillary hydrostatic
b. Interstitial hydrostatic
c. Capillary oncotic
d. Interstitial oncotic

Explanation

Question 7 of 41

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7. At the arterial end of capillaries, why does fluid move from the intravascular space into the interstitial space?

Select one of the following:

a. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure.
b. Capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
c. Interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
d. Capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.

Explanation

Question 8 of 41

1

8. Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?

Select one of the following:

a. Capillary hydrostatic
b. Interstitial hydrostatic
c. Plasma oncotic
d. Interstitial oncotic

Explanation

Question 9 of 41

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9. How are secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst stimulated?

Select one of the following:

a. Decrease in serum sodium
b. Increase in plasma osmolality
c. Increase in glomerular filtration rate
d. Decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation

Explanation

Question 10 of 41

1

10. Thirst activates osmoreceptors following an increase in which blood plasma component?

Select one of the following:

a. Antidiuretic hormone
b. Aldosterone
c. Hydrostatic pressure
d. Osmotic pressure

Explanation

Question 11 of 41

1

11. A student asks about natriuretic peptides. Which statement by the professor is most accurate?

Select one of the following:

a. Decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion.
b. Increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion.
c. Increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion.
d. Decrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion.

Explanation

Question 12 of 41

1

12. When changes in total body water are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes, what type of alteration occurs?

Select one of the following:

a. Isotonic
b. Hypertonic
c. Hypotonic
d. Normotonic

Explanation

Question 13 of 41

1

13. Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?

Select one of the following:

a. Angiotensin I
b. Angiotensin II
c. Aldosterone
d. Renin

Explanation

Question 14 of 41

1

14. A patient in the hospital has hypernatremia. What condition should the healthcare professional assess for?

Select one of the following:

a. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
b. Hypersecretion of aldosterone
c. Brief bouts of vomiting or diarrhea
d. Excessive diuretic therapy

Explanation

Question 15 of 41

1

15. A patient has a serum sodium level of 165 mEq/L. The healthcare professional explains that the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma are caused by what mechanism?

Select one of the following:

a. High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood
vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.
b. High sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain
cells, causing them to swell.
c. Low sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which
slows the synapses in the brain.
d. Low sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by
water, causing the brain cells to swell.

Explanation

Question 16 of 41

1

16. What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause?

Select one of the following:

a. Retained sodium to bind with the chloride
b. Hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium
c. Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance
d. Hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis

Explanation

Question 17 of 41

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17. The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?

Select one of the following:

a. Sodium depletion
b. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
c. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
d. Lymphatic obstruction

Explanation

Question 18 of 41

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18. Why is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?

Select one of the following:

a. Stimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium
b. Binds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys
c. Transports potassium from the blood into the cell along with glucose
d. Breaks down the chemical components of potassium, inactivating it

Explanation

Question 19 of 41

1

19. A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between what?

Select one of the following:

a. Intracellular and extracellular Na+
b. Intracellular and extracellular K+
c. Intracellular Na+ and extracellular K+
d. Intracellular K+ and extracellular Na+

Explanation

Question 20 of 41

1

20. During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?

Select one of the following:

a. Oxygen
b. Sodium
c. Potassium
d. Magnesium

Explanation

Question 21 of 41

1

21. A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for hyperkalemia?

Select one of the following:

a. Hyperparathyroidism
b. Vomiting
c. Renal failure
d. Hyperaldosteronism

Explanation

Question 22 of 41

1

22. In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells’ resting membrane potential?

Select one of the following:

a. Hypopolarization
b. Hyperexcitability
c. Depolarization
d. Repolarization

Explanation

Question 23 of 41

1

23. A patient’s chart indicates Kussmaul respirations. The student asks the healthcare professional what this is caused by. What response by the professional is most accurate?

Select one of the following:

a. Anxiety leads to Kussmaul respirations and is a cause of respiratory acidosis.
b. A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis.
c. Diabetic ketoacidosis is leading to metabolic acidosis.
d. More oxygen is necessary to compensate for respiratory acidosis.

Explanation

Question 24 of 41

1

24. A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient’s facial nerve leads to lip twitching. What electrolyte value is correlated with this finding?

Select one of the following:

a. K+: 2.8 mEq/L
b. K+: 5.4 mEq/L
c. Ca++: 8.2 mg/dL
d. Ca++: 12.9 mg/dL

Explanation

Question 25 of 41

1

25. A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum- containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to this behavior?

Select one of the following:

a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L

Explanation

Question 26 of 41

1

26. A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority?

Select one of the following:

a. Hepatitis
b. Renal failure
c. Trauma to the hypothalamus
d. Pancreatitis

Explanation

Question 27 of 41

1

27. Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) exist in what ratio?

Select one of the following:

a. 20:1
b. 1:20
c. 10:2
d. 10:5

Explanation

Question 28 of 41

1

28. Where is two thirds of the body’s water found?

Select one of the following:

a. Interstitial fluid spaces
b. Vascular system
c. Intracellular fluid compartments
d. Intraocular fluids

Explanation

Question 29 of 41

1

29. A healthcare professional just administered a large dose of insulin to a patient. Which electrolyte value should the professional monitor as a priority?

Select one of the following:

a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Calcium
d. Magnesium

Explanation

Question 30 of 41

1

30. Why does increased capillary hydrostatic pressure result in edema?

Select one of the following:

a. Losses or diminished production of plasma albumin
b. Inflammation resulting from an immune response
c. Blockage within the lymphatic channel system
d. Sodium and water retention

Explanation

Question 31 of 41

1

31. A patient’s electrocardiogram (ECG) shows tall, peaked T waves. What lab value or assessment would the healthcare professional correlate with this finding?

Select one of the following:

a. Positive Chvostek sign
b. Serum potassium 6.7 mEq/L
c. Nausea and vomiting
d. Serum sodium 138 mEq/L

Explanation

Question 32 of 41

1

1. Which groups are at risk for fluid imbalance? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

a. Women
b. Infants
c. Men
d. Obese persons
e. Older adults

Explanation

Question 33 of 41

1

2. A patient is admitted to the hospital with dehydration. For which signs or symptoms would the healthcare professional assess? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

a. Moist mucous membranes
b. Weak pulses
c. Tachycardia
d. Polyuria
e. Weight loss

Explanation

Question 34 of 41

1

3. What are the causes of hypocalcemia? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

a. Repeated blood administration
b. Pancreatitis
c. Decreased reabsorption of calcium
d. Hyperparathyroidism
e. Kidney stones

Explanation

Question 35 of 41

1

4. A patient is admitted with hyponatremia. For which clinical manifestations would the healthcare professional assess? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

a. Headache
b. Seizures
c. Paranoia
d. Confusion
e. Lethargy

Explanation

Question 36 of 41

1

5. A patient has been diagnosed with hypercalcemia. Which manifestations does the healthcare professional assess for? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

a. Diarrhea
b. Calcium-based kidney stones
c. ECG showing narrow T waves
d. Lethargy
e. Bradycardia

Explanation

Question 37 of 41

1

6. A patient’s serum potassium level is 2.7 mEq/L. Which clinical manifestations does the healthcare professional assess for? (Select all that apply.

Select one or more of the following:

a. Paralytic ileus
b. Sinus bradycardia
c. Atrioventricular block
d. Dry mucous membranes
e. Tetany

Explanation

Question 38 of 41

1

7. A third of the body’s fluid is contained in the extracellular interstitial fluid spaces that include what? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

a. Urine
b. Intraocular fluids
c. Lymph
d. Blood plasma
e. Sweat

Explanation

Question 39 of 41

1

8. An imbalance of potassium can produce which dysfunctions? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

a. Weakness of skeletal muscles
b. Cardiac dysrhythmias
c. Smooth muscle atony
d. Visual impairment
e. Hearing loss

Explanation

Question 40 of 41

1

9. Which statements regarding total body water (TBW) are true? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

a. During childhood, TBW slowly decreases in relationship to body weight.
b. Gender has no influence on TBW until old age.
c. Men tend to have greater TBW as a result of their muscle mass.
d. Estrogen plays a role in female TBW.
e. Older adults experience a decrease in TBW as a result of decreased muscle mass.

Explanation

Question 41 of 41

1

10. The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances? (Select all that apply.)

Select one or more of the following:

a. Parathyroid hormone
b. Vasopressin
c. Thyroid hormone
d. Calcitonin
e. Vitamin D

	Created by Esmeralda Espitia over 2 years ago

patho 1 Quiz on Ch. 3 electrolytes , created by Esmeralda Espitia on 04/02/2022.

Ch. 3 electrolytes

Question 1 of 41

1. Why are infants most susceptible to significant losses in total body water?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 2 of 41

2. Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration in people?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 3 of 41

3. A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 4 of 41

4. Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of what?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 5 of 41

5. In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 6 of 41

6. Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 7 of 41

7. At the arterial end of capillaries, why does fluid move from the intravascular space into the interstitial space?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 8 of 41

8. Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 9 of 41

9. How are secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst stimulated?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 10 of 41

10. Thirst activates osmoreceptors following an increase in which blood plasma component?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 11 of 41

11. A student asks about natriuretic peptides. Which statement by the professor is most accurate?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 12 of 41

12. When changes in total body water are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes, what type of alteration occurs?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 13 of 41

13. Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 14 of 41

14. A patient in the hospital has hypernatremia. What condition should the healthcare professional assess for?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 15 of 41

15. A patient has a serum sodium level of 165 mEq/L. The healthcare professional explains that the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma are caused by what mechanism?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 16 of 41

16. What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 17 of 41

17. The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 18 of 41

18. Why is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 19 of 41

19. A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between what?

Select one of the following:

Explanation

Question 20 of 41

20. During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?