An organism's phenotype is the result of:

Select one:
a. the reproductive success of its parents
b. the influence of environmental influences and experiences
c. its genotype
d. the interaction of its genotype with the environment

A recessive allele will influence the expression of a trait only when it:

Select one:
a. is paired with a dominant, but weak allele
b. forms a homozygous gene combination with a dominant allele
c. is paired with another recessive allele
d. forms a heterozygous gene combination with another recessive allele

Natural selection has favoured species that reproduce sexually because sexual reproduction:

Select one:
a. produces organisms that have the capacity for thinking and language
b. leads to a longer life span and more variability in behaviour
c. pleasurable, which is reinforcing
d. leads to genetic diversity, which is adaptive

Most traits and disorders are caused by:

Select one:
a. a single gene
b. multiple genes (polygenic)
c. a single gene and the environment
d. multiple genes and the environment

Concordance is the degree to which two people:

Select one:
a. are biologically related
b. share the same environment.
c. share the same genotype
d. share the same phenotype

Intelligence has a heritability estimate of .50 in a North-American Caucasian population. This means that:

Select one:
a. All Caucasian individuals from North America will show a correlation in IQ scores with their adoptive parents' IQ scores of about .50.
b. On average, about 50% of the variance in intelligence in any group of people can be explained by genetic inheritance.
c. All Caucasian individuals from North America will show a correlation in IQ scores with their biological parents' IQ scores of about .50.
d. On average, about 50% of the variance in intelligence in a group of Caucasian-Canadians can be explained by genetic inheritance.

The fact that male peacocks have evolved large tail feathers even though large feathers appear to be an impediment to survival is best explained by:

Select one:
a. Evolution through sexual selection
b. Large feathers can be used to protect the nest
c. Evolution through natural selection
d. Genetic drift

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding human sexual behaviour?

Select one:
a. Men tend to be more promiscuous than women
b. Human sexual behaviour is subject to strong cultural influences
c. Unmarried women tend to seek casual sexual relationships
d. Men are more likely to seek diversity in their sexual relationships than women

Altruistic behaviour toward non-relatives can be explained by

Select one:
a. Nonfamilial altruism
b. Reciprocal altruism
c. Inclusive fitness
d. Personal fitness

The reproductive success of those individuals who share the same genes is called:

Select one:
a. Personal fitness
b. Kin selection
c. Reciprocal selection
d. Inclusive fitness

______ is a learning procedure that utilizes reinforcement to guide a response in closer and closer approximations to a desired behavior:

Select one:
a. Shaping
b. Classical Conditioning
c. Habituation
d. Partial reinforcement

Which schedule of reinforcement is most similar to that used in gambling?

Select one:
a. variable ratio
b. fixed ratio
c. intermittent reinforcement
d. variable interval

Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning?

Select one:
a. A young child becomes fearful whenever seeing the babysitter
b. A student studies for her math test and received a mark of 90%. She then studies extra hard for the next exam
c. Two boys imitate a professional wrestler they view on television
d. A child continues to pick on his sister, despite receiving repeated time-outs

Extinction would happen most rapidly following which reinforcement schedule?

Select one:
a. Fixed-interval, reinforced after 1 minute
b. Variable-ratio, every 10th response reinforced
c. Variable-ratio, every 5th response reinforced
d. Fixed-ratio, every response reinforced

People who live in cities often do not respond to night sounds while asleep. This is an example of:

Select one:
a. operant conditioning
b. latent learning
c. classical conditioning
d. habituation

Whenever your neighbors play their music loudly, you bang on the ceiling with a broom handle to get them to turn it off. They do turn off the annoying music, which makes you likely to bang on the ceiling the next time you hear it. Your behavior is under the influence of:

Select one:
a. negative reinforcement
b. positive punishment
c. positive reinforcement
d. negative punishment

To what is the tendency of the CS to elicit a CR related?

Select one:
a. The number of CS-US pairings
b. The number of times the US has elicited the CR
c. The intensity of the CS
d. The intensity of the CR

Which of the following will usually result in experimental extinction?

Select one:
a. Repeated presentation of the CS without the US
b. Repeated presentation of the US without the CS
c. Severing the US-UR link
d. Both a and b will result in extinction

Which of the following presents the most convincing evidence that an animal has learned by “insight” rather than by trial and error?

Select one:
a. One sees an absence of errors in the animal’s performance
b. The animal gives a smooth, continuous performance
c. There is a sudden drop in the learning curve
d. A transfer of training occurs

How does food-aversion learning differ from typical examples of classical conditioning?

Select one:
a. Food-aversion learning does not target certain sensory aspects of the stimuli as particularly relevant
b. The relevant events (eating the food and getting sick) need not occur close together in time.
c. It does not last nearly as long as the learning produced through standard classical conditioning
d. Food-aversion learning makes sense in evolutionary terms whereas standard classical conditioning does not