________ among cells is a hallmark of multicellular organisms occurs in 3 distinct stages

cells in a multicellular organism communicate by means of ____ molecules that bind to receptor proteins

endocrine signaling involves the release of signal molecules called ____

adjacent cells can signal others by direct contact, while nearby cells that are not touching can communicate by release of _____ signals

the long distance communication systems use hormones and ________

chemically gated ion ____ open or close when signal molecules bind to the channel, allowing specific ions to diffuse thru the channel

enzymatic receptors typically activate intracellular proteins by _____

a small number of surface receptors can ultimately generate a large intracellular response as each step is often expanded by signal _____

turning off a pathway is done with ____ that removes phosphates from active kinases

hormones that can cross a cell membrane and interact with receptors in the cytoplasm are typically _____

protein ____, enzymes that add phosphate groups to proteins are part of the transduction phase in cell signalling

located on the cell membrane or within the cell are ____ proteins, such as the G-protein coupled or tyrosine kinase

cyclic AMP and calcium ions are often used within a cell as

the cells of multicellular organisms use a variety of molecules as signals which are

name the steps in which a cell responds to a signal molecule

signals with short lived LOCAL effects are called

chemically gated ion channels do not have

G-protein coupled receptors DON'T respond to

most receptors carry the signal molecule's message into the target cell by utilizing substances in cytoplasm called

what are two examples of second messengers?

a small number of surface receptors can generate a large intracellular response, as each step of the pathway is often expanded by

each G-protein coupled receptor passes through the plasma receptor how many times?

name examples of cell signaling

a long term change in cell activity is a characteristic of

reaction to a neural impulse resulting in a muscle contraction is a characteristic of

involving a change in gene activity and protein production is a characteristic of

utilizing phosphatases to turn the response off is a characteristic of

involving a receptor molecule that may be in the membrane or the cytoplasm is a characteristic of

being able to be modified by pharmaceutical drugs is a characteristic of

bacteria divide by binary ____ in which the cell divides into two nearly equal halves

DNA coiled around histone proteins makes a complex known as

most eukaryotic cells go through a repeating process of growth and division referred to as the

the accommodation of very long DNA fiber in a limited space is achieved by coiling around beads of histones in repeating subunits. This is called

each chromosome has a region called the ____ somewhere between the two ends where attachment of 2 sister chromatids occurs

_____ is the portion of the cell cycle where the cell grows, copied DNA, and prepares for reproduction

prophase is the first stage of mitosis characterized by the ____ of the chromosomes

the stage of mitosis characterized by the the separation of sister chromatids is called

the process of mitosis is regulated by ____ and their dependent kineases

if a eukaryotic cell has a single set of chromosomes its called

the physical map of the array of chromosomes is called

by the end of this phase of mitosis, the centromere joining each pair of sister chromatids is attached by microtubules to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus

the physical distribution of cytoplasmic material into the two daughter cells is called

____ and ____ are maintained by cell division

the primary bacterial genome exist as a

the number of chromosomes characteristic of eukaryotes, in general

eukaryotic chromosomes are coasted with proteins containing a high proportion of amino acids. these are called

in the human, body cells contain two sets of chromosomes totalling

the two copies of each chromosome in body cells are called