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Kidneys are <1% body weight, but receive what percentage of cardiac output?
What is the functional unit of the kidney? How many are there?
Roughly what size are nephrons?
How many litres of plasma do the kidneys process per day? How much of this ends up as urine?
Given how many nephrons each kidney consists of, what volume of the plasma filtered in a day is filtered by an individual nephron?
How much sodium is reabsorbed in a day?
List some roles of the kidney.
Which two elements does a nephron consist of?
What is the force that drives renal filtration of plasma?
Describe the journey of plasma/solute that is filtered from the plasma.
Complete the equation regarding renal excretion. Excreted = ...
Urine osmolarity is the sum total of...?
What does hypotonic urine require for its production?
What does hypertonic urine require for its production?
How is urine composition controlled?
Which hormone is involved in the production of hypertonic urine?
Where is ADH released from?
Which sensory cells are involved in the release of ADH?
How does ADH aid H2O reabsorption independent of Na+?
How does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) act to reduce blood pressure?
Which hormone is involved in the production of hypotonic urine? How does it aid this?
Where is renin released from?
Angiotensin release is sensitive to what?
Which aspect of the nephron is the renin-angiotensin system based around?
Which cells is renin released from?
What is renin release sensitive to?
Which nephron structures is the distal convoluted tubule located between?
Where are the macula densa cells located?
What do the macula densa cells do?
What is significant about the placing of the granular juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent and efferent arterioles and the macula densa cells in the distal convoluted tubule?
What is the substrate of the renin-angiotensin system?
Which signs of lowered blood pressure do the granular juxtaglomerular cells release renin in response to?
What does renin do to angiotensinogen, which is present in the blood?
Which enzyme converts angiotensin I to the octopeptide angiotensin II?
Which enzyme converts angiotensin II to angiotensin III?
List some physiological effects of angiotensin II which support blood pressure.
Which hormones are released to support/raise blood pressure?
Which hormone helps to reduce blood pressure?
What is renal clearance?
What is the renal clearance of urea?
What are the assumptions made when calculating renal clearance?
What does (U x V) / (P x T) stand for? What does it calculate?
How would you calculate the total amount of the analyte excreted?
How would you calculate the minimum volume of plasma that could have supplied the mass of excreted analyte?
Creatinine is filtered but not secreted or reabsorbed. True or false?
If creatinine is filtered but not secreted or reabsorbed, what is its clearance equal to?
What is the glomerular filtration rate?
If a substance undergoes net reabsorption, how will its clearance relate to the glomerular filtration rate?
Why is urea, a waste product of protein degradation, reabsorbed?
If a substance undergoes net secretion, how will its clearance relate to the glomerular filtration rate?
What is para-aminohippurate (PAH) used for?
What is the equation used to calculate renal blood flow?
What must be known in order to calculate renal blood flow?
What is an osmole?
Roughly, what is the normal osmolarity of the plasma?
What does the osmolarity of plasma reflect? What does it determine?
Why are osmoles used instead of the molarities of glucose and NaCl?
What can be used to calculate the osmolarity of urine and plasma? What is the principle behind this?
What is osmolar clearance?
Having established the osmolarity of urine and plasma, what other information would be needed to calculate the osmolar clearance?
If you produce 100ml of 300 mOsm (isotonic) urine, what is the minimum volume of plasma that must have been cleared?
If you produce 100ml of hypotonic urine (~125 mOsm), what is the minimum volume of plasma cleared? What is the free water clearance?
If you produce 100ml of hypertonic urine (~600 mOsm), what is the minimum volume of plasma cleared? What is the free water clearance?
What is the equation for calculating free water clearance?
Generally, are we in positive or negative free water states? Why?
What is the filtration fraction?
What isn't all plasma filtered at the kidneys, rather than just the filtration fraction?
Why is urine 'naturally' acidic?
What is titratable acidity?
